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BIOL 1012 Study Guide - Archaea, Organism, Endoplasmic Reticulum

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tealmoose234
23 Oct 2014
School
Temple University
Department
Biology
Course
BIOL 1012
Professor
Suman Batish

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Document Summary

2 atoms share one or more outer-shell electrons. Two or more atoms held together by covalent bond = molecule. Electronegativity: attraction (pull) for shared electrons: electronegativity = stronger pull. Nonpolar covalent bonds: in molecules of only 1 element, the pull toward each atom is equal because each atom has the same electronegativity. Polar covalent bonds: atoms with different electronegativities cause shared electrons to pull more towards one direction, example: water, ionic bond. Attraction between 2 oppositely charged ions holds them together. Example: salt: hydrogen bond weakest. Partial positive charge of hydrogen holds molecules together. H+ when in excess and donate h+ when depleted. Range from small sugar molecules (monomers) to large polysaccharides. Simplest = monosaccharides (main fuels for cellular work) Polysaccharides include starch, glycogen, and chitin: proteins. Composed of differing arrangements of a common set of just 20 amino acid monomers. Amino acids = amino group + carboxyl group: joined together by peptide bonds.

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Related Questions

It's a quiz for my life science class.

QUESTION 1

Organisms that have descended from the same initial group and have the ability to interbreed belong to the same

A.

species.
B.

family.
C.

class.
D.

genus.
E.

order.

5 points

QUESTION 2

The simplest entity that exhibits all of the properties of life is called a(n)

A.

molecule.
B.

cell.
C.

organism.
D.

tissue.

5 points

QUESTION 3

In populations, adaptation usually arises through

A.

responsiveness.
B.

heredity.
C.

metabolism.
D.

natural selection.
E.

development.

5 points

QUESTION 4

Scientists have found that ancient fossils

A.

are less similar to present-day organisms than more recent fossils.
B.

are just as similar to present-day organisms as more recent fossils.
C.

are more similar to present-day organisms than more recent fossils.
D.

are very similar to present-day organisms.
E.

bear no resemblance to present-day organisms.

5 points

QUESTION 5

What is the term that describes the study of the relationship between living things and components of their environment?

A.

herpetology
B.

analogy
C.

zoology
D.

ecology
E.

ichnology

5 points

QUESTION 6

Characteristics usually associated with life include all of the following except:

A.

motility.
B.

a high degree of organization.
C.

lack of change from generation to generation.
D.

reproduction.
E.

responsiveness to stimuli.

5 points

QUESTION 7

The scientific name for the black-footed ferret is Mustela nigripes. The name Mustela indicates the _____________________ to which the organisms belongs.

A.

phylum
B.

class
C.

family
D.

species
E.

genus

5 points

QUESTION 8

Which of the following is considered to be the most basic living unit?

A.

organ system
B.

molecule
C.

organelle
D.

cell
E.

tissue

5 points

QUESTION 9

Which of the following concepts best describes the wide variety of dog species we observe, ranging from the domesticated golden retriever or the basset hound, to the wild dogs of Africa, to foxes?

A.

preadaptation
B.

special creation
C.

inheritance of acquired characteristics.
D.

taxonomy
E.

evolution

5 points

QUESTION 10

If an ecologist is studying the cycling of carbon through a particular environment (which involes the movement of carbon through living things as well as through rock, air, and water), the scientist is studying at what level of ecology?

A.

organismal
B.

community
C.

ecosystem
D.

population
E.

biosphere

5 points

QUESTION 11

Which list is organized from smallest to largest level of organization of life?

A.

organisms, organ systems, organs, tissues, cells, organelles
B.

organelles, cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, organisms
C.

organelles, tissues, cells, organ systems, organs, organisms
D.

tissues, cells, organelles, organs, organ systems, organisms
E.

cells, tissues, organ systems, organelles, organs, organisms

5 points

QUESTION 12

When examining the hierarchy of life, which of the following terms is most inclusive?

A.

biosphere
B.

population
C.

species
D.

ecosystem

5 points

QUESTION 13

The units of inheritance are

A.

evolutions.
B.

heredities.
C.

genes
D.

twins.
E.

metabolic activities.

5 points

QUESTION 14

Organisms that undergo asexual reproduction

A.

require another organism to reproduce.
B.

are usually very complex.
C.

produce offspring that are different from each other.
D.

do not require energy to reproduce.
E.

produce offspring that are identical to each other and to the parent.

5 points

QUESTION 15

All the living organisms in a particular area at a particular time make up a

A.

biosphere.
B.

community.
C.

biosystem.
D.

population.
E.

ecosystem.

5 points

QUESTION 16

The first step in the scientific method is to

A.

identify a problem.
B.

predict the results of an experiment.
C.

propose a solution.
D.

draw a conclusion.
E.

perform an experiment.

5 points

QUESTION 17

Young multicelled organisms usually start out small, then grow in size, and increase in complexity. This process is called:

A.

heredity.
B.

metabolism.
C.

development.
D.

evolution.
E.

heredity.

5 points

QUESTION 18

To maintain order within their cells and organs, all living things must

A.

carry on metabolism.
B.

reproduce.
C.

constantly change.
D.

be able to move.
E.

extract energy from sunlight.

5 points

QUESTION 19

Which of the following includes Highest levels of hierarchy?

A.

family
B.

phylum
C.

domain
D.

kingdom
E.

order

5 points

QUESTION 20

Fungi are classified into which domain?

A.

Archaea
B.

Eukarya
C.

Bacteria
D.

Fungi

What exactly was Hooker's response to Darwin's, Origin of Species? Thank you for your help. I need help deciphering what his opinions truly were.

Hooker, J. D. 1859. [Review of] On the origin of species. Gardeners' Chronicle (31 December): 1052. Part 1.

From the above expressions it will be inferred that we have risen from the perusal of Mr. DARWIN'S book much impressed with its importance, and have moreover found it to be so dependent on the phenomena of horticultural operations, for its facts and results, and so full of experiments that may be repeated and discussed by intelligent gardeners, and of ideas that may sooner fructify in their minds than in those of any other class of naturalists, that we shall be doing them (and we hope also science) a service by dwelling in some detail upon its contents. Thus much we may premise, that it is a book teeming with deep thoughts on numberless simple and complex phenomena of life; that its premises in almost all cases appear to be correct; that its reasoning is apparently close and sound, its style clear, and we need hardly add its subject and manner equally attractive and agreeable; it is also a perfectly ingenuous book, bold in expressions as in thought where the author adduces what he considers clear evidence in his favour, frank in the statement of objections to the hypotheses or conclusions founded on its facts and reasonings; and uniformly courteous to antagonistic doctrines. In fine, whatever may be thought of Mr. DARWIN'S ultimate conclusions, it cannot be denied that it would be difficult in the whole range of the literature of science to find a book so exclusively devoted to the development of theoretical inquiries, which at the same time is throughout so full of conscientious care, so fair in argument, and so considerate in tone. . . . Hitherto most [naturalists] have, as we have already observed, contented themselves with the hypothesis that they were independently created, and the minority have clung to the only other explanation hitherto conceived, that they have all been created by variation from a single first-created living organism, or a few such. Now it must be borne in mind that both these views are mere hypotheses in a scientific point of view; neither has any inherent or prescriptive right to a preference in the mind of the impartial inquirer; but the most superficial observation will show that the hypothesis of original creations is incapable of absolute proof, except the operation be witnessed by credible naturalists, and can only be supported by facts that are either not conclusive against the opposite doctrine, or may be regarded as equally favourable to it; and this hypothesis is hence placed at a disadvantage in comparison with that of the creation of species by variation, which takes its stand on the familiar fact that species do depart from the likeness of their progenitors, both in a wild and domestic state. On the other hand the hypothesis of creation by variation labours under the disadvantage of being founded upon a series of phenomena, the action of each of which individually, as explained by Mr. DARWIN, would appear to prevent the possibility of species retaining their characters for any length of time, and it therefore appears at first sight opposed to the undisputed fact, that many hundreds of animals and plants have transmitted their characters unchanged (or nearly so) through countless generations, and covered, even within the historic period, many square miles of country each with millions of its exact counterpart. To explain this anomaly and to raise this hypothesis of creations by variation to the rank of a scientific theory, is the object of Mr. DARWIN'S book, and to do this he has endeavoured to invent and prove such an intelligible rationale of the operation of variation, as will account for many species having been developed from a few in strict adaptation to existing conditions, and to show good cause how these apparently fleeting changelings may by the operation of natural laws be so far fixed as to reconcile both the naturalist and the common observer to the idea, that what in all his experience are immutable forms of life may have once worn another guise. The hypothesis itself is a very old one; it was, as all the world knows, strongly advocated by LAMARCK, and later still by the author of the "Vestiges of the Natural History of the Creation," but neither of these authors were able to suggest even a plausible method according to which Nature might have proceeded in producing suitable varieties, getting rid of intermediate forms, and giving a temporary stability to such as are recognised as species by all observers. Mr. DARWIN has been more successful, though whether completely so or not the future alone can show. We shall proceed to examine his method in another article.