HLTH 335 Study Guide - Fall 2018, Comprehensive Midterm Notes - Immune System, Hypersensitivity, White Blood Cell
12 Oct 2018
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Department
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HLTH 335
MIDTERM EXAM
STUDY GUIDE
Fall 2018
HUMAN DISEASES - HLTH 335 - EXAM 1 REVIEW
Monday, September 3, 2018
Chapter 1 - Intro to Disease
●Disease terminology
○Homeostasis = when all cells, tissues, organs and systems work together to successfully
maintain equilibrium
■We are never at a complete state of homeostasis
○Disease = any state of disequilibrium; a change in function or structure that is considered
abnormal
○Pathology = study of disease in general
○Pathologist = a physician who studies & interprets changes caused by disease
●Manifestations of Disease
○Signs = objective
evidence of disease observed on physical examination, such as
abnormal pulse or respiratory rate, fever, sweating and pallor
■Visible to the eye
○Symptoms = subjective
indications or disease reported by the patient, such as pain,
dizziness and itching
■Internal, patient must describe
○Syndrome = when certain sets of signs and symptoms occur concurrently and suggest the
presence of disease
■Example: irritable bowel syndrome
■Down syndrome is not a syndrome
○Disorder = a functional abnormality not necessarily linked to a specific cause or physical
abnormality
■As more research is done, it is possible for a disorder to become a disease when
causes are discovered
●Principles of Diagnosis
○Diagnosis = process of identifying a disease, syndrome or disorder
■Clinical history
●5 parts (below)
■Physical examination
■Differential diagnosis
●Systematic process of elimination
●5 Parts of Clinical History
○History of current illnesses
■severity , time of onset and character of patient’s symptoms
○Patient’s Medical history
■Details of general health and previous illnesses that may shed light on current
problems
○Family history
■Health of patient’s parents and family members; diseases that run in families
○Social history
find more resources at oneclass.com
find more resources at oneclass.com
■Patient’s occupation, lifestyle behaviors (habits, alcohol and tobacco
consumption, etc) general health, current problems
○Review of symptoms/signs
■Eliciting additional information
about symptoms other than those disclosed in
history of present illness (e.g. not sleeping well at night)
●Physical Examination
○Systematic examination of patient with emphasis on parts of body affected by illness
○Abnormalities noted correlated with clinical history
■BONUS: NAZI/SWASTIKA CAT WITH HUMAN HAND
●Differential Diagnosis
○Consideration of various diseases or conditions that may also explain patient’s symptoms
and signs
■E.g. shortness of breath could be heart problem, not just lung problem
○Diagnostic possibilities narrowed by selected laboratory tests or other diagnostic
procedures
○Opinion of medical consultant/specialist may be sought
●Causes of Disease - Terminology
○Etiology = CAUSE
○Pathogenesis = Source or cause of disease, together with its DEVELOPMENT
○Idiopathic = the term used to describe diseases of unknown etiology
○Lesion = usually at the root of most causes of diseases; could be a damaged gene or
enzyme or abnormal cells, tissues or organs
●Major Causes of Disease
○Inflammatory, autoimmune and allergic disorders
○Infection (bacterial, viral, parasitic)
○Neoplastic = CANCEROUS (new cell growth when there shouldn’t be)
○Heredity
○Congenital → not hereditary → something went wrong for the fetus AFTER it was
conceived and during the pregnancy
○Traumatic (due to environmental factors)
○Degenerative = as we get older → AGING
○Nutritional
○STRESS → debate in field of medicine if stress can be a single cause of a disease BUT
stress CAN DEFINITELY be a further influence of disease
find more resources at oneclass.com
find more resources at oneclass.com
Document Summary
We are never at a complete state of homeostasis abnormal. Disease = any state of disequilibrium; a change in function or structure that is considered. Symptoms = subjective indications or disease reported by the patient, such as pain, Visible to the eye dizziness and itching. Disorder = a functional abnormality not necessarily linked to a specific cause or physical. As more research is done, it is possible for a disorder to become a disease when abnormality causes are discovered. Neoplastic = cancerous (new cell growth when there shouldn"t be) Congenital not hereditary something went wrong for the fetus after it was. Degenerative = as we get older aging. Stress debate in field of medicine if stress can be a single cause of a disease but conceived and during the pregnancy stress can definitely be a further influence of disease. Example = recessive gene for sickle cell anemia in 8% of the african american population.
