01:160:311 Study Guide - Quiz Guide: United States Academic Decathlon, Seed Crystal, Chromatography

Note: Respond to all questions from part A to B. Thank you

A. Write a description of explanatory of this lab(write in details as much as you can)

B. Why you are doing this experiment and What you will learn in the process

Question: For the following two experiments I have been asked to find at least 1 procedural change for each that could be made to improve the yield of my product. Please review the experiments and aid me in determining what this change might be. Thanks in advance!

Reduction of Benzophenone

1. In a 50 mL Erlenmeyer flask, dissolve 2.0 g benzophenone in 10 mL of methanol. Also add a stirbar to magnetically stir the solution.

2. Place your solution in an ice bath until the temperature has dropped to 10 C.

3. While your flask is in the ice bath, add 0.42 g of sodium borohydride, in small portions, over a 5 min period. The addition of sodium borohydride is exothermic, so you must take care to add it slowly to keep the temperature under control. This means adding the hydride in 5-6 portions, with about 1 min in between additions.

4. Once the addition of NaBH4 is complete and the vigorous bubbling has ceased, allow the solution to stir at room temperature for 10 minutes.

5. Carefully clamp the Erlenmeyer flask into a 80°C water bath and allow it to sit in the hot water bath for 2 minutes.

6. Remove the solution from the hot water bath and allow it to cool to room temperature and then cool it in an ice bath.

7. SLOWLY add 30 mL of cold water and then SLOWLY(dropwise) add 1.4 mL of 6M HCl. Use litmus paper to confirm that your solution is acidic. If your solution is not acidic, add more HCl until it is acidic. You should see the formation of a white precipitate at this point.

8. After adding the HCl, remove your solution from the ice bath and let it stir at room temperature for 20 minutes.

9. Collect the product by suction filtration, washing with 10-25 mL of cold water.

10. Allow the product to completely dry under suction and then record the crude weight.

11. Analyze the purity of your crude product by running a TLC. Dissolve a very small sample of your crude product and the benzophenone starting material in diethyl ether. Spot these samples on two separate lanes of your TLC place and develop the TLC pate with 9:1 petroleum ether: ethyl acetate.

12. If you are convinced that your crude sample is pure diphenylmethanol, record the final mass and run a melting point.

13. If you think some impurities are still present in your crude mixture, recrystallize your product with a minimal amount of hot hexanes. Review your notes from earlier in the semester if you don’t remember the steps to run a recrystallization.

14. Record the mass and melting point of your purified diphenylmethanol and place it in a labeled vial to turn in to your instructor.

Oxidation of Diphenylmethanol

1. Place approximately 300-mL of hot (from the tap) water in a 400-mL beaker, add a boiling stone, and place it on a hot plate. Heat the water until it is 90-95 oC. It is important to keep the temperature just below 100 oC; thermal decomposition of the permanganate may occur at higher temperatures resulting in the release of toxic fumes.

2. While your water bath is heating, place 4.82 mmol of diphenylmethanol in a 10- or 25- mL round-bottomed flask.

3. Weigh out approximately 4 grams of the oxidant mixture of KMnO4/CuSO4•5H2O.

4. If the temperature of your water bath has reached 90-95 oC, combine the oxidant with the diphenylmethanol in your round-bottomed flask.

5. Vigorously stir the mixture with a microspatula for 5-10 min until the flask is warm to the touch. A color change from purple-blue to brown/black should be observed as you are stirring the solids. This is an indication that a reaction is occurring.

6. When the flask is warm, equip the reaction vessel with an air condenser and clamp it in the hot water bath. Be sure that the solid reaction mixture is below the surface of the water.

7. Heat the reaction for 1 h. Continue to monitor the temperature of the water; if the temperature increases close to 100 deg C, add a bit of cold water to keep the temperature 90-95 deg C and lower the heat setting on your hot plate.

8. After 1 h of heating, remove the flask from the hot water and allow it to cool to room temperature. Remove the reflux condenser.

9. Add 10 mL of hexanes to the solid and stir to mix. Remove the hexanes with a pipette and place it into a 25-mL Erlenmeyer flask. Repeat and combine the extracts.

10. Dry the combined hexane extracts with Na2SO4; decant/filter the hexanes into a preweighed 25-mL Erlenmeyer flask; and evaporate the hexanes using a gentle stream of air.

11. Analyze the purity of your crude product by running a TLC. Make samples of the following for TLC: stock benzophenone, crude benzophenone, and benzhydrol. Spot these samples on three separate lanes of your TLC place and develop the TLC pate with 5:1 hexane/ethyl acetate.

12. If you are convinced that your crude sample is pure benzophenone, record the final mass and run a melting point.

13. If you think some impurities are still present in your crude mixture OR if your product is not a solid, recrystallize your product with a minimal amount of hot methanol or methanol/water. Review your notes from earlier in the semester if you don’t remember the steps to run a recrystallization.

14. Record the mass and melting point of your purified benzophenone and place it in a labeled vial to turn in to your instructor.

2.) Bart was a truly superb organic laboratory student. Unfortunately, his partner Homer was a bit careless. Bart was carefully saving solid samples of benzoic acid and ethyl-4-aminobenzoate in his lab locker; he needed to run melting point determinations on these samples after they had dried for a week. Before he got a chance, Homer picked up both samples, dumped them together in a beaker, and was about to carry them to a waste jar. Bart recovered the beaker, and decided he could easily separate the two components. How would Bart best recover the ethyl-4-aminobenzoate from the solid mixture ?

a. Dissolve the solid mixture in ether, extract the ether solution with 10% aqueous sodium hydroxide, collect the aqueous layer and add an acid.

b. Dissolve the solid mixture in ether, extract the ether solution with 10% aqueous hydrochloric acid, collect the aqueous layer and add a base.

c. Dissolve the solid mixture in ether, extract the ether solution with 10% aqueous sodium hydroxide, collect the ether layer and let the ether evaporate.

d. Dissolve the solid mixture in ether, add about the same volume of water, shake, separate and discard the aqueous layer, let the ether layer evaporate and collect the product.

3.) After Bart separated the benzoic acid + ethyl-4-aminobenzoate mixture, he recorded nujol mull IR spectra for the separated materials, as well as for some naphthalene he had in his locker. The resulting spectra are in Figure 1. Which spectrum is most likely the spectrum of benzoic acid ?

A) Fig 1-A B) Fig 1-B C) Fig 1-C D) Fig 1-D

E) None of the spectra are a good match

4. ) Bart also had vials of acetone, chloroform, and toluene which Homer dumped into another waste beaker. Bart sees no problem, he thinks he can separate this mixture also. What technique would be his best choice ?

A.) recrystallization

B.) simple distillation C

.) fractional distillation

D.) column chromatography with an alumina stationary phase

5.) If the 3-component mixture of problem 4 were injected into a gas chromatograph, which component would have the shortest retention time ? ( assume a helium carrier gas, a non-polar stationary phase, injector and t.c. detector at 150 C, column at 75 C )

A) Acetone

B) Chloroform

C) Toluene

D) There is not enough information provided.

E) The components are not likely to separate under the conditions described.

6.) Which of the following statements about the Diels-Alder reaction is FALSE ?

A) It is a [2+4] cycloaddition.

B) It is a reaction involving pi-electrons.

C) It is a concerted reaction.

D) It is a reaction favored by entropy considerations.

E) It is a thermal reaction.

7.) When the following two molecules combine by a Diels-Alder reaction, the product will contain two new sigma bonds between atoms which were not previously bonded. Between which pairs of atoms will these bond be formed ?

A) b-d and f-g

B) j-k and o-m

C) b-k and g-m

D) d-k and f-m

E) b-j and g-o

8.) Bart and Homer have returned to the lab. They are trying to run a Diels-Alder reaction, starting with 4.80 grams of cyclohexadiene (MW 80.13) and 5.88 (MW 98.06) grams of maleic anhydride. At the end of the reaction, Homer recovered 7.38 grams of the adduct, but has no idea what to report as a percent yield. Bart pulls out a calculator and quickly comes up with a number. What was the percent yield he calculated ? (Choose the closest answer, within 1 % )

A) 79.7 % B) 69.2 % C) 65.0 % D) 45.5 %

E) None of the above choices are close ( i.e. within 1% )

9.)Which of the following statements is FALSE about the experimental process used in the Diels-Alder reaction?

A) Glassware should be washed and rinsed with hot tap water immediately before adding reagents.

B) Maleic Anhydride is toxic.

C) The product may be recrystallized from the methanol solvent.

D) The I.R.'s of the product is different from maleic anhydride

E) No flames are used during this reaction.

10.) Suppose you have determined a GC spectrum for a sample oil containing an unknown diene. You are preparing to run a Diels-Alder reaction using this oil. You find 3 peaks. From determination of peak area, you find that the percent compositions represented by the peaks are: peak A is 55 percent , peak B is 30 percent, and peak C is 15 percent. The M.W. of your diene is 136 g/m. How many grams of Maleic Anhydride (M.W. 98 g/m) will you use to react with your 2.5g sample of crude diene? (The largest GC peak is the diene)

A) 0.99 B) 1.25 C)1.375 D)1.91 E)2.5

11.) In the proton NMR of ethyl acetate, which group of hydrogens would appear the most upfield ?

A. A

B. B

C. C

12.) In the proton NMR of ethyl acetate, which group of hydrogens is the most magnetically shielded?

A.) A

B.) B

C.) C

13.) Rank the proton groups of the ethyl acetate molecule in order of increasing chemical shift.

A.) BAC B.) CAB C.) ACB D.) BCA

14.) Which of the following could happen when infrared radiation is absorbed by a molecule ?

Electrons are promoted from filled to empty molecular orbitals

The orientation of a nuclear spin state changes.

Intra-molecular bond angles change

molecule begins to rotate more rapidly

molecule may glow in the dark

15.) Infrared absorption spectra of organic molecules are often presented as a plot of transmittance versus wavenumber. What is the definition of a wavenumber ?

one wavenumber = one micron

one wavenumber = one centimeter

one wavenumber = one reciprocal micron

one wavenumber = one reciprocal centimeter

wavenumber is the same as wavelength, and can be expressed in any unit of length

16.) Which bond would you expect to have the highest vibrational frequency (stretching) ?

A) Urea

B) Sodium Carbonate

C) Potassium Iodide

D) Sulfuric Acid

E) Sodium Nitrite

Questions 17 through 20 are spectra identification problems. You must identify two unknowns, referred to as compound A and compound B. Table I, attached at the end of the exam, has a list of possible compounds. Each compound listed in table I has a two digit identification code. After you have identified compound A, you will enter the first digit of its identification code as the answer for question 18, and then enter the second digit of the code as the answer for question 19. You then repeat this process for compound B in questions 20 and 21.

17.) Compound A gives a positive acetyl chloride test, and the infrared and NMR spectra are given in figures 2A thru 2C. Consult table I and the spectra, identify compound A. The first digit of the code corresponding for compound A is

A) 1 B) 2 C) 3 D) 4 E) 5

18.) The second digit of the code for compound A is

A) 1 B) 2 C) 3 D) 4 E) 5

19.) You have run a series of qualitative chemical tests on compound B, all of which came out negative. The negative chemical tests included acetyl chloride, chromic acid, potassium permanganate, silver nitrate, and 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine. The infrared and NMR spectra of compound B are given in the attached figures 3A thru 3C. Identify compound B. The first digit of the code in table I corresponding to compound B is

A) 1 B) 2 C) 3 D) 4 E) 5

20.) The second digit of the code for compound B is

A) 1 B) 2 C) 3 D) 4 E) 5

21.) Which of the following statements regarding Grignard reagents is FALSE ?

A. The Grignard reagent is an example of an organometallic compound.

B. Grignard reagents are stable in anhydrous ether solutions.

C. A Grignard reagent contains electrophilic carbon.

D. Once prepared , a Grignard reagent should be used quickly.

E. Grignard reagents tend to act as Bronsted bases.

22.) Suppose that in the synthesis of benzoic acid , a student uses 1.215 grams of magnesium , 7.575 grams of bromobenzene , and 22.641 grams of dry ice. If the mass of benzoic acid obtained were 4.530, what was the percent yield?

A. 32.1

B. 66.5

C. 77.0

D. 88.6

E. None of the above are correct (within 1%)