PSIO 532 Study Guide - Final Guide: Neural Pathway, Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide, Bile Acid

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2 Jul 2018

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Graduate Physiology – GI Tract

Enzyme Regulation

Secretin’s receptors are found in the pancreas, which responds with additional bicarbonate

delivery: gastric motility and secretion are inhibited.

Cholecystokinin’s receptors are located:

• in the pancreas, which responds with additional enzyme delivery

• in the gallbladder, which contracts to deliver more bile

• in the sphincter of Oddi, which relaxes to facilitate delivery of the enzymes and bile salts

As the acid from stomach increases (the acid comes to the duodenum), this leads to the

increase of secretin secretion (from S cells)  this increases the levels of secretin in the plasma;

the secretin binds onto the receptors of the pancreas  this leads to the bicarbonate secretion

to neutralize the acid; the bicarbonate flows into the small intestine to neutralize the intestinal

acid

CCK secretion from the I cells occurs due to the increase of intestinal fatty acids and amino

acids (this is partially digested from the pepsin in the stomach)  this input acts on the adjacent

cells to the I cells, which first release CCK releasing peptide, which THEN causes the I cells to

release CCK; this increases the CCK plasma levels, which causes the pancreas to secrete

enzymes  these enzymes then flow into the small intestine, which ultimately leads to digestion

of fats and protein

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Document Summary

Secretin"s receptors are found in the pancreas, which responds with additional bicarbonate delivery: gastric motility and secretion are inhibited. Cholecystokinin"s receptors are located: in the pancreas, which responds with additional enzyme delivery, in the gallbladder, which contracts to deliver more bile, in the sphincter of oddi, which relaxes to facilitate delivery of the enzymes and bile salts. This image shows the several pathways mediating meal-stimulated pancreatic secretion that involve cck. First, meal nutrients such as fatty acids, amino acids and peptides delivered from the duodenum stimulate the release of cck from the cck- containing i cell to the area around the basolateral surface of the i cell. The cck released can activate vagal afferent neurons that carry the signal to the dorsal vagal complex where the sensory information is integrated and vagal efferents are activated. Vagal efferents synapse with neurons in the pancreatic ganglia.

Related Questions

1. The breakdown of glucose to pyruvic acid is called________________.

a) Glycogenesis

b) glycolysis

c) aerobic metabolism

d) none of the above

2. Which of the following carries urine from the kidney to thebladder?

a) Aorta

b) Urethra

c) Ureter

d) glomerlus

3. The _____________ protect against infection at the entrance torespiratory tract.

a) trachea

b) nose

c) tonsils

d) mouth

4. In this condition, pockets form in the intestinal mucosa,generally in the sigmoid colon.

a) Diverticuosis

b) Colorectal Cancer

c) Liver disease

d) ascites

5. Name the two parts of the nephron which is the basic functionalunit of the kidney.

6. The small, paired glands at the base of the penis that produce alubricating secretion are the

a) testicles

b) Seminal vesciles

c) Prostate glands

d) Bulbourethral glands

7. What are the 4 primary functions of the stomach?

8. The pituitary hormone that stimulates spermatogenesis is

a) FSH

b) LH

c) ACTH

d) GH

9. The main part of the stomach is called the_____________________.

a) Body

b) Cardia

c) Fundus

d) pylorus

10. Beta-oxidation

a) Occurs in the mitrochondria

b) Is the process that breaks down fatty acids into two-carbonfragments that can be metabolized by the TCA cycle.

c) Yields large amounts of ATP, while requiring coenzyme A, NAD andFAD.

d) A& B only.

11. An intestinal hormone that stimulates the gallbladder torelease bile is

a) Enterokinase

b) gastrin

c) secretin

d) cholecystokinin

12. The soft palate separates the

a. Left and right sides of the nasal cavity

b. hard palate from the nasal cavity

c. Nasal cavity from the larynx

d. Nasopharynx and the oral cavity

13. Ingestion of sodium bicarbonate to relieve indigestion may leadto

a. Metabolic acidosis

b. Respiratory acidosis

c. Respiratory alkalosis

d. Metabolic alkalosis

14. This birth control strategy interferes with the female hormonalcycle so that ovulation does not

a) diaphram

b) IUD

c) Oral contraceptives

d) Rhythm method

Page not found

15. Lipogensis generally begins with

a) Acetyl CoA

b) Amino acids

c) Fatty acids

d) None of the above

16. A chronic, progressive condition characterized by shortness ofbreath and destruction of alveolar surfaces and inadequate surfacearea for gaseous exchange is termed

a) asthma

b) cystic fibrosis

c) pneumonia

d) emphysema

17. Name 3 primary functions of the tongue

18. Which is considered âbadâ cholesterol and which is âgoodâcholesterol and why?

19. The normal rate and depth of breathing is established incenters located in the

a) midbrain

b) cerebellum

c) medulla oblongata

d) cerebrum

20. The process of arousal is under the control of

a) The parasympathetic nervous system

b) The sympathetic nervous system

c) Both A & B.

The digestion process begins at the mouth. Food enters and then accessory digestive organs like the tongue, teeth, and salivary glands break down the substance. It then travels through the pharynx and esophagus into the stomach, where the stomach acid further breaks down the food (UXL Complete Health Resource). After that, the food travels through the small and large intestines where a majority of its nutrients are absorbed. The waste then exits through the end of the large intestine which is made up of the rectum and anus. After the teeth assist in chewing, food rolls over the tongue and reaches stomach through the esophagus within 8 seconds. General Tsoâs Chicken and Rice consist of carbohydrates, fats and proteins. However, carbohydrates are digested easily than the fats and proteins. After broken down in the stomach, most of the nutrients are absorbed from the small intestine, and it takes 6 to 8 hours to pass through small intestine. The remaining unabsorbed material, âmoves very slowly through the large intestine where the final absorption of water and other nutrients take placeâ (UXL Complete Health Resource). The parasympathetic nervous system encourages the food to move through the digestive tract and motivates digestion process. The sympathetic nervous system works against the parasympathetic nervous system by decreasing the contraction and relaxation of the digestive tract (Taylor). Mouth produces saliva, which contains amylase. Amylase is key in digesting carbohydrates. The stomach produces hydrochloric acid, pepsinogen, intrinsic factor, and mucus (Taylor). Hydrochloric acid kills the bacteria and other organisms that enter the stomach, and then continues to activate pepsinogen. Pepsinogen then changes into pepsin, which digests protein peptides. The pancreas produces trypsin, chymotrypsin, carboxypeptidases, lipases, and phospholipases. Trypsin, chymotrypsin, and carboxypeptidases digest proteins, whereas lipases, phospholipases digest lipid molecules. Small intestine produces lactase, sucrase, maltase, lipases, and peptidases. Lactase, sucrase, and maltase digest carbohydrates (UXL Complete Health Resource). Saliva glands, pancreas, liver, and gallbladder are the accessory organs of the digestive process. Saliva glands produce mucus and amylase which digests starch into simple sugars and binds food particles together, while lubricating the palette when one swallows. The pancreas produces amylase, lipases, and proteinases etc. These digestive juices are responsible for breaking down carbohydrates, proteins, and fats. The liver is the largest gland in the body, âIt produces bile salts to emulsify lipids. It detoxifies metabolic end products to protect the bodyâ (UXL Complete Health Resource). Gallbladder stores bile juice. The chicken in the General Tsoâs contains proteins. Proteins cannot be digested in mouth. However, the mouth can physically digest chicken into smaller pieces. These partially digested chicken pieces travel to stomach, where it is digested by pepsin. The pancreas produces trypsin, chymotrypsin, carboxypeptidases, lipases, and phospholipases (UXL Complete Health Resource). The chicken is then digested by trypsin, chymotrypsin, and carboxypeptidases in the duodenum of the small intestine. After the complete digestion, the chickenâs proteins change into amino acids, which are then absorbed into blood. The rice of the General Tsoâs is a carbohydrate. Carbohydrates are partially digested inside the mouth by amylase. The rest of the rice travels to the stomach where it is digested by pancreatic juices and enzymes that are produced by small intestine. The digestion of the rice produces monosaccharides that absorb into the blood stream. The left over, and undigested parts of the chicken and rice that are useless to the body are excreted by large intestine through rectum.

1) Based on your finding in the Module 3 Report, begin the Module 4 Report by identifying which metabolites are being absorbed and specifically which vessels of the cardiovascular or lymphatic system are the initial vessel of transport from the digestive system. 2) From the point that the specific metabolites are absorbed from the GI tract, trace the path of the resulting metabolites to the following locations in the body for incorporation into the body structure: Metabolites of protein for use in the Gastrocnemius muscle for muscle maintenance. Metabolites of the carbohydrates for energy to contract the cardiac muscle cells. Metabolites of fat to incorporate into the myelin sheaths of the Schwann cells of the Trigeminal nerve that innervates the Masseter muscle. Water for incorporation into the synovial fluid of the hip joint. Iron for incorporation into red blood cells in the bone marrow of the sternum.

maroonguinea-pig686

Food that we consume is composed of very complex molecules. During the digestive process these compounds are broken down into smaller and smaller subunits in preparation for use by the body as building blocks needed for the many components of the human body. The digestion process begins at the mouth. Food enters and then accessory digestive organs like the tongue, teeth, and salivary glands break down the substance. It then travels through the pharynx and esophagus into the stomach, where the stomach acid further breaks down the food (UXL Complete Health Resource). After that, the food travels through the small and large intestines where a majority of its nutrients are absorbed. The waste then exits through the end of the large intestine which is made up of the rectum and anus. After the teeth assist in chewing, food rolls over the tongue and reaches stomach through the esophagus within 8 seconds. General Tsoâs Chicken and Rice consist of carbohydrates, fats and proteins. However, carbohydrates are digested easily than the fats and proteins. After broken down in the stomach, most of the nutrients are absorbed from the small intestine, and it takes 6 to 8 hours to pass through small intestine. The remaining unabsorbed material, âmoves very slowly through the large intestine where the final absorption of water and other nutrients take placeâ (UXL Complete Health Resource). The parasympathetic nervous system encourages the food to move through the digestive tract and motivates digestion process. The sympathetic nervous system works against the parasympathetic nervous system by decreasing the contraction and relaxation of the digestive tract (Taylor). Mouth produces saliva, which contains amylase. Amylase is key in digesting carbohydrates. The stomach produces hydrochloric acid, pepsinogen, intrinsic factor, and mucus (Taylor). Hydrochloric acid kills the bacteria and other organisms that enter the stomach, and then continues to activate pepsinogen. Pepsinogen then changes into pepsin, which digests protein peptides. The pancreas produces trypsin, chymotrypsin, carboxypeptidases, lipases, and phospholipases. Trypsin, chymotrypsin, and carboxypeptidases digest proteins, whereas lipases, phospholipases digest lipid molecules. Small intestine produces lactase, sucrase, maltase, lipases, and peptidases. Lactase, sucrase, and maltase digest carbohydrates (UXL Complete Health Resource). Saliva glands, pancreas, liver, and gallbladder are the accessory organs of the digestive process. Saliva glands produce mucus and amylase which digests starch into simple sugars and binds food particles together, while lubricating the palette when one swallows. The pancreas produces amylase, lipases, and proteinases etc. These digestive juices are responsible for breaking down carbohydrates, proteins, and fats. The liver is the largest gland in the body, âIt produces bile salts to emulsify lipids. It detoxifies metabolic end products to protect the bodyâ (UXL Complete Health Resource). Gallbladder stores bile juice. The chicken in the General Tsoâs contains proteins. Proteins cannot be digested in mouth. However, the mouth can physically digest chicken into smaller pieces. These partially digested chicken pieces travel to stomach, where it is digested by pepsin. The pancreas produces trypsin, chymotrypsin, carboxypeptidases, lipases, and phospholipases (UXL Complete Health Resource). The chicken is then digested by trypsin, chymotrypsin, and carboxypeptidases in the duodenum of the small intestine. After the complete digestion, the chickenâs proteins change into amino acids, which are then absorbed into blood. The rice of the General Tsoâs is a carbohydrate. Carbohydrates are partially digested inside the mouth by amylase. The rest of the rice travels to the stomach where it is digested by pancreatic juices and enzymes that are produced by small intestine. The digestion of the rice produces monosaccharides that absorb into the blood stream. The left over, and undigested parts of the chicken and rice that are useless to the body are excreted by large intestine through rectum. 1) Based on your finding in the Module 3 Report, begin the Module 4 Report by identifying which metabolites are being absorbed and specifically which vessels of the cardiovascular or lymphatic system are the initial vessel of transport from the digestive system. 2) From the point that the specific metabolites are absorbed from the GI tract, trace the path of the resulting metabolites to the following locations in the body for incorporation into the body structure: Metabolites of protein for use in the Gastrocnemius muscle for muscle maintenance. Metabolites of the carbohydrates for energy to contract the cardiac muscle cells. Metabolites of fat to incorporate into the myelin sheaths of the Schwann cells of the Trigeminal nerve that innervates the Masseter muscle. Water for incorporation into the synovial fluid of the hip joint. Iron for incorporation into red blood cells in the bone marrow of the sternum.

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PSIO 532 Study Guide - Final Guide: Neural Pathway, Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide, Bile Acid

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