JOUR 101 Study Guide - Fall 2018, Comprehensive Midterm Notes - Ford Focus, Five Ws, Word Play
12 Oct 2018
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JOUR 101
MIDTERM EXAM
STUDY GUIDE
Fall 2018
The first amendment:
• Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the
free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of
the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the Government for a redress of
grievances.
• Unprotected Speech
o Obscenity- Expression must meet a three-part obscenity test established in 1973
(Miller Test)
o Child pornography- Does not have to meet Miller Test
▪ The miller Test
• 1st part- Whether the average person applying contemporary
community standards would find that the work ‘taken as a whole’
appeals to prurient interests.
• 2nd part- Whether the work depicts in a patently offensive way
specifically applicable state law
• 3rd part- Whether the work lacks serious literary or political value
• Must match all parts
o Defamation- Injury from published communication or spoken words; to win a
defamation suit, must fit all parts of PIHF
▪ Publication
▪ Identification
▪ Harm
• Statements about vile disease
• Statements about illegal behavior
• Statements that hurt livelihood
• Statements that allege racial or religious bigotry
▪ Fault
o People suing for libel who are either public officials or figures will often have to
prove a higher level of fault than an ordinary person
o New York v. Sullivan
▪ In order to prove defamation, they must prove actual malice.
o Expression intended and likely to incite imminent lawless action
▪ Instigating a riot
o Fighting words
▪ Written or spoken words that incite hatred or violence
o Unwarranted Invasions of Privacy
▪ Public disclosure of private and embarrassing facts
▪ Improper newsgathering
▪ Unauthorized use of a person
▪ FOIA
o Deceptive or Misleading advertisements
▪ False advertising
▪ Small print
▪ Bait and switch
o Treason
▪ Clear threats to national security
o Copyright Violations
▪ Using without proper fair use
▪ Plagiarizing
find more resources at oneclass.com
find more resources at oneclass.com
Visual Storytelling:
• 90% of the information transmitted to the brain is visual
• 65% of people are visual learners
• People remember 80% of what they see
• People remember 10% of what they hear
• People remember 20% of what they read
• The brain processes visual information 60,000 times faster than text
• We can process visual messages simultaneously rather than sequentially as we do text
• Visual Learners do 40% better in school
• Most information is primarily text-based
• Our brains have been conditioned to read and understand visual messages from day
one
• We are able to understand a variety of these messages simultaneously and in varying
degrees of complexity
o Type personalities
▪ Fonts
o Type Hierarchy
▪ Bold
▪ Size
o Color
o Symbols
▪ The practice of representing things by means of symbols
o Direction
▪ Elements that lead the eye to the next location in a design
• Shape
• Location
• Movement
• Structure
o Empathies
▪ Self empathy
▪ Mirror empathy
• When user takes on some of the feelings of another
▪ Imaginative empathy
• User “walks in the other’s shoes”
o Information design
▪ Is organizing information in such a way to help the audience understand
the information
o Eye Tracking
▪ Most of what we know about visuals comes from this type of research
▪ A study shows that people read information in a left to right and top to
bottom Z pattern
o Organization
▪ People like organization in the space of information
o Photos and art
▪ People are more likely to read a story when there is a visual to go along
with it.
▪ Pulitzer prize
• Most pictures bring lots of controversy on whether it is appropriate
to publish or not
• 1942 was the first photo award
find more resources at oneclass.com
find more resources at oneclass.com
Document Summary
In order to prove defamation, they must prove actual malice: expression intended and likely to incite imminent lawless action. Instigating a riot: fighting words, written or spoken words that incite hatred or violence, unwarranted invasions of privacy. Imaginative empathy: user walks in the other"s shoes . Intro to journalistic storytelling which includes writing and editing: what is changing, technology, social media, very fast media, on demand needs for consumers, non-linear (stories aren"t always in the order of how breaking that story is. Immediate: video, strengths, can show dramatics, can convey a message that words do not do justice, print, strengths, depth, detail, weaknesses, cost, limitations in stories, web, strengths. Interactive: polls, chats, forums, unlimited by time or space. This is different than before the 1900s, the main form of money would be through subscriptions: the most essential tool for a journalist is to not trust a computer but rather their mind and heart.
