BIOL 2040 Study Guide - Midterm Guide: Petri Dish, Ames Test, Muller'S Morphs

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skymarten303

14 Oct 2017

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Point mutation a mutation that results in the substitution of one nucleotide for. Synonymous(silent) mutation- point mutation that alters a codon but another, ak. a gene mutation does not change the a. a at that position (due to degeneracy of the genetic code) Nonsense mutation- a triplet is changed into a stop codon resulting in termination of translation of protein. Base substitution- a single base change in dna that produces a mutation. Transition a purine (a/g) is substituted for a purine; pyrimidine (c/t) Transversion - a purine is substituted for a pyrimidine or vice versa for a pyrimidine. Frameshift mutation - insertion or deletion of number of nucleotides (when number is not multiple of three), results in changing all (codons) amino acids after the insertion/deletion. The frame of triplet reading is altered during translation. Apurinic/apyrimidinic sites- a location on dna where neither a purine or pyrimidine base is present - can occur spontaneously or due to dna damage.

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Part B

Think about the DNA coding sequence of a gene. If an A were swapped for a T, what kind of mutation could it cause and why?

a) It could cause a frameshift nonsense or frameshift missense mutation because it would change the reading frame of the codon triplet.

b) It could cause a silent, missense, or nonsense mutation because those are the types that can be caused by a nucleotide-pair substitution like this one.

c) It could cause a nonsense mutation because the sequence would no longer be the same, so the protein would be shorter and non-functional.

d) It could cause a silent mutation because A and T are complementary to each other so it is not really a substitution mutation.

Part C

Why is a frameshift missense mutation more likely to have a severe effect on phenotype than a nucleotide-pair substitution missense mutation in the same protein?

a) A substitution missense mutation causes the protein to be shorter and thus non-functional.

b) A frameshift missense will cause the codons to be out of order, but a substitution missense does not change the order of the codons.

c) A frameshift missense mutation will cause an early Stop codon, but a substitution missense might be silent.

d) A substitution missense affects only one codon, but a frameshift missense affects all codons downstream of the frameshift.

Part D

Which of the following sequences shows a frameshift mutation compared to the wild-type mRNA sequence?

a) wild-type	5â-AUGCAUACAUUGGAGUGA-3â
mutant	5â-AUGCAUACAGAGUGA-3â

b) wild-type	5â-AUGCAUACAUUGGAGUGA-3â
mutant	5â-AUGCAUACGUUGGAGUGA-3â

c) wild-type	5â-AUGCAUACAUUGGAGUGA-3â
mutant	5â-AUGCAUACAUCUGGAGUGA-3â

d) wild-type	5â-AUGCAUACAUUGGAGUGA-3â
mutant	5â-AUGCAUGUGACAUUGGAGUGA-3â

Part F

Suppose that the triplet of nucleotides indicated in bold (AGC) spans two codons, that is, CTA and GCC. If the triplet AGC were deleted from this DNA coding sequence, what effect would it have on the resulting protein?

5â-ATGCTAGCCTATCGTAAC-3â

a) The two flanking codons would be altered, but the rest of the amino acid sequence would be the same because there would be no frameshift.

b) The entire amino acid sequence would be altered due to the frameshift.

c) All of the amino acids after the deletion would be altered due to the frameshift.

d) All of the amino acids up to the deletion would be altered due to the frameshift.

mauvetrout554

1. An occurrence of a gene made larger by trinucleotide repeats is:

Allelic expansion

Nucleotide expansion

Translocation mutation

Transformation

2. a chemical that can damage and/or change DNA is called a/an:

Allele

Endonuclease

Vector

Mutagen

3. An occurrence when a section of a chromosome relocates itself to an entirely different (non-homologous) chromosome is called a/an:

Inversion mutation

Translocation mutation

Transformation mutation

Duplication mutation

4. The tandem repeat in the sequence GGGAAGGGAAGGGAAGGGAAGGGAAG is:

GGA

GGGAA

GGAAG

GGAAGGG

A disease characterized by abnormally shaped hemoglobin is called:

Cystic Fibrosis

Sickle Cell Anemia

Marfan Syndrome

Leukemia

5. A point mutation that causes a substitution of a stop codon with an amino acid and leads to the formation of a longer protein is a:

Nonsense mutation

Missense mutation

Sense mutation

Frameshift mutation

6. Addition or deletion of nucleotides in a DNA sequence is known as a:

Nonsense mutation

Missense mutation

Sense mutation

Frameshift mutation

7. The least severe type of chromosomal mutation is:

Point

Frameshift

Inversion

Translocation

8. Chemicals inserting themselves into DNA can cause a:

Missense mutation

Nonsense mutation

Sense mutation

Frameshift mutation

9. A genetic condition caused by allelic expansion is:

Familial hypercholesterolemia

Fragile X syndrome

Alkaptonuria

Galactosemia

10. Which of the following is most likely the original DNA strand if the mutated DNA strand is ATAGUUGATGUA ?

ATAGAAGATGAA

ATAGCCGATGCA

ATAGGGGATGGA

ATAGTTGATGTA

11. An unbalanced chromosomal mutation would include a/an:

duplication (insertion)

inversion

translocation

denaturation

12. Many translocation mutations are found to be involved with:

cancers

sickle cell anemia

Huntington disease

cystic fibrosis

13. A common repeat throughout the human genome that is approximately 300 bases in length is called a/an:

EcoRI repeat

Hind repeat

Exo repeat

Alu repeat

14. A balanced chromosomal mutation includes:

imprintation

denaturation

inversion

deletion

salmondinosaur263

1. Gennie is wild type. Below is a segment of her DNA. The topstrand is the coding region, and the reading frame begins with thefirst codon that codes for met (start codon).

5' GCATGTTCTTGT 3'

3' CGTACAAGAACA 5'

Kevin is mutant. Below is a segment of his DNA. The top strandis the coding region, and the reading frame begins with the firstcodon that codes for met (start codon).

5' GCATGTTTTTGT 3'

3' CGTACAATAACA 5'

What type of mutation does Kevin have?

A) silent

B) misssense

C) nonsense

D) frameshift

2) A type of dwarfism results from the production of mutantSHR-1 protein. You look at the length of the mutant SHR-1 and thenormal (wild-type) SHR-1 protein, and discover that the mutantSHR-1 protein has fewer amino acids.

What do you expect to find when you examine the DNAsequence?

A) nucleotides were deleted

B) additional nucleotides were added

C) one nucleotide was changed

D) without additional information, any of the above arepossible.

3) Below are two DNA coding strand sequences. The 5' ATG encodesthe in-frame strat codon.

Tom's DNA sequence is:

5' ATG CGC TTA CCC TTA CTC CTA TAA 3'

Harry's DNA sequence is:

5' ATG CGC TAA CCC TTA CTC CTA TAA 3'

Harry's mutation causes the premature termination of:

A) Replication

B) Transcription

C) Translation

D) Answer B and C

E) All of the above

carmineoyster108

BIOL 2040 Study Guide - Midterm Guide: Petri Dish, Ames Test, Muller'S Morphs

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