Kinesiology 2000A/B Study Guide - Midterm Guide: Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease, Crtc2, Natural Killer Cell
27 Feb 2017
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Kin Midterm Readings 1
A Run a Day Keeps the Tumour at Bay
• Copenhagen University
• Key in cell metabolism is ADRENALINE
• Gave mice 3 types of cancer: liver, melanoma and lung
• Only some mice got wheels – the mice who could exercise had 61% smaller melanoma
tumours, 58% smaller of lungs and only 31% of the mice with wheels injected with
diethylnitrosamine developed a tumour in contrast to the 75% of mice without wheel
• Well exercised mice had more immune cells in the tumour (cyto t-cells and NK cells)
• Repeated study manipulating the cyto-t cell to decrease which proved it was the NK cells
responsible
• Did it for a third time manipulating NK cells (getting rid of them) resulted in same size
tumours all around
• Epinephrine has potential to mobilize NK cells and rises with exercise
• Ran fourth experiment injecting epinephrine or saline, reducing the growth of 61% that
had no wheel, but still not as impressive
• Interleukin-6 is involved – spikes with exercise which helps immune cells attack
tumours.
• With exposure to both, mice without wheels looked like they had wheels (ie. This combo
could be a substitute for exercise but that’s not the point of the article)
• Giving these 2 drugs to people who are too old or ill to reap exercises reward can give the
same effects.
Canadian Researchers Reaffirm the Benefits of Exercise for a Healthy Brain
• Exercise helps kick-start a repair process that strengthens existing brain connection, in
part by fixing the myelin protecting the nerve fibers in the brain → this is interesting
because myelin in the hallmark of some diseased like MS
• University of Ottawa
• Study with mice w brain condition called ataxia which disrupts movement and balance.
Only lived for 25-40 days unless they had access to wheel.
• With wheel, they lived for more than a year and showed signs of improvement, due to
more myelin insulation
• Difference: protein called VGF, which is produced during exercise. Researchers injected
this into non-exercising mice and they also lived longer
• Running helped gerbils who had a stroke recover their memory
• VGF gives hope to targeted treatments in future for people who are sick.
• When we learn something, our brain forges new connections among neurons, and myelin
forms a protective sheath around the new circuits. Therefore disruption means were
unable to retain he new skills.
• Exercise in healthy people doesn’t enhance learning, VGF kicks in when something is
attacking the brain
• Exercise plays role in growth of hippocampus which is associated with memory which
can ward off cognitive decline with aging.
find more resources at oneclass.com
find more resources at oneclass.com
Kin Midterm Readings 2
Drink soda? Take 12,000 steps
• Sweetner fructose had risk of developing health problems which is reduced when they
move around
• Sweetner (unlike glucose) is metabolized in the liver which is transformed into fatty acids
which can remain in the liver, marbling that organ and contributing to nonalcoholic fatty
liver disease
• Other fats migrate to blood. This effects blood sugar levels, insulin resistance, type 2,
stomach fat, obesity, poor cholesterol
• Got college students to drink soda and measured levels and the way they moved for a
week. Half the group spent a lot of time moving (12,000 steps per day), and then the
groups switched. During this they drank 2 lemon-lime sodas a day (75 g)
• After drinking 75 g of fructose and not moving, they shifted in their cholesterol and
health, increasing blood concentrations of VLDL and increase 116% in bodily
inflammation, insulin resistance
• In both studies, walking 12, 000 steps wiped out the changed brought on by fructose
Exercise as Potent Medicine
• Study raises the question if our health system focuses too much on meds and too little on
lifestyle
• Compared how well various drugs and exercise succeed in reducing death among people
with diagnoses of heart disease, CHF, stroke and diabetes in lessening mortality
• Exercise includes walking and aerobic routines and sometimes weights
• Drug and exercise produced almost the same results.
• Patients who had heart disease who didn’t take meds but exercised had the same chance
of dyign as those taking meds (same with diabetied)
• Stroke had less risk of dying if they engaged in activity than if they used meds
• In BHF, drugs were notably more effective than exercise – diuretics.
• Statins are the centre of debate about something
• Highlight how infrequently exercise is considered
For Fitness, Push Yourself
• Those whose walking is brisk tend to live longer than those whos baseline is leisure
• Study in mice: biochem of the SNS (autonomic/involuntary that ignities flight or fight)
• CRTC2 is a protein in both mice an dhumans which is activated during stress – this
affects the body’s use of blood sugar and fatty acids during stress and impacts insulin
release
• SNS plays a part in intense exercise by releasing catecholamines which kicks heart into
dear. It was believed that this didn’t help long term stuff
• But it didn’t make sense that was just the role of catchcholamines, so the mice study
started.
• They bred mice to produce more CRTC2 than others – when running, their endurance
soared by 103% after 2 errks compared to an 8.5% increase in normal mice. They also
developed tighter, larger muscles than others and more fficient at releasing fat
• CRTC2 receivedsignals, it would turn and send messafe to genes in muscle that set in
motion the stronger msucles
find more resources at oneclass.com
find more resources at oneclass.com
Kin Midterm Readings 3
• Without physical strain (ie. Intense workout), no catcholamines are released. You can
still see changes but not as intense.
• Need to reassess the intensity of your workout because you will reach higher levels.
How Exercise Can Boost Young Brains
• Childrens scores on tests improve if they go for a walk beforehand
• Correlations between children’s aerobic fitness and their brain structure, with areas of
thinking and leaning being larger among kids who are more fit
• University of Illionois
• After-school exercise program for 8/8 y/o. at this age, kids leap in their brains
functioning, which is the ability to impose order in thinking. Therefore, multi tasking,
concentration, and inhibit inappropriate responses to mental stimuli are learned.
• Program included wearing heart rare monitors and pedometer for monitoring while the
kids had fun (tag, soccer, etc) to design improvement in endurance and motor skils.
• 2 hour session ith downtime (70 mins were vigorous and covered more than 2 miles per
session)
• children in exercise groups were more fit and displayed substantial improvement in their
scores on computer-based tests of executive function.
• Better at attentianal inhibition and heightened abilities to toggle between cognitive tasks
• Both groups brains were developing as they do in kinds but the exercise group developed
more rapid
• Schools are eliminating recess and PE for budget reasons, which is bad.
How Exercise Can Help you Live Longer
• Increase risk for heart disease = high cholesterol, high BP and big waistline
• Farmingham risk score which is the likelihood of someone experiencing a heart attack
• Past studies id not determine whether exercise would lower risk of disease even when
that person continued to have high BP or other health problems
• Researchers took old data from 15 years prior and divided into 3 groups, assigning them a
score and based on frequency/intensity of their recorded workouts.
• 211 of the participants died from heart disease; people in the lowest score had twice the
risk as those in the middle and 6 times the risk as those in the high.
• Someone with a high score who exercised regularly had less of a chance than a person
with the same score who did not.
How Inactivity Changes the Brain
• Exercise can remodel brain by prompting new brain cells
• Inactivity can change the shape of certain neurons in ways the affect not just the brain,
but the heart as well.
• The brain retains plasticity or the capacity to be reshaped.
• Gathered a dozen rats and half of them were given a wheel for 3 months while the others
weren’t. injected dye that colors certain neurons (in this case the part of the rostral
ventrolateral medulla) which controls breathing and unconscious activities.
• An overactive SNS contributes to cardiovascular disease by stimulating the vessels to
constrict too much, leading to high BP and damage.
find more resources at oneclass.com
find more resources at oneclass.com
Document Summary
This effects blood sugar levels, insulin resistance, type 2, stomach fat, obesity, poor cholesterol: got college students to drink soda and measured levels and the way they moved for a week. Half the group spent a lot of time moving (12,000 steps per day), and then the groups switched. In both studies, walking 12, 000 steps wiped out the changed brought on by fructose. They also developed tighter, larger muscles than others and more fficient at releasing fat: crtc2 receivedsignals, it would turn and send messafe to genes in muscle that set in motion the stronger msucles. 3: without physical strain (ie. intense workout), no catcholamines are released. You can still see changes but not as intense: need to reassess the intensity of your workout because you will reach higher levels. How inactivity changes the brain: exercise can remodel brain by prompting new brain cells.
