LIN241H1 Study Guide - Midterm Guide: Implicature, Subset, Presupposition
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B: every fruit is tasty: contradiction: negate . If is contradicted by - , entails . Entailments: entails a sentence if every situation in which is true is a situation in which is true. Equivalently, there is no situation in which is true but is false. Downward-entailing environment (de): an environment x__y is de iff: (cid:1764)a(cid:1765) (cid:1764)b(cid:1765), then xby entails. [[bananas]] (cid:1764)fruits(cid:1765) therefore de every fruit is tasty entails every banana is tasty . Implicatures: an inference that we can draw from a sentence, based on its literal meaning and assumptions that we make about the communicative intentions of the speaker. Test for implicatures: make an inference from the context or cancellation test. Implicature: john is smart: cancellation test: if a sentence suggests that another sentence is true, but one can assert. And not without contradiction, then does not entail it might be an implicature of .
