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BIOL130 Study Guide - Quiz Guide: Membrane Transport Protein, Semipermeable Membrane, Epithelium

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School
University of Waterloo
Department
Biology
Course
BIOL130
Professor
Heidi Engelhardt

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Document Summary

You are an amino acid in the lumen of the small intestine. You are looking at transporter proteins protruding from the apical surfaces of intestinal epithelial cells. Your ambition is to be part of one of those membrane transporters. You will be asked to describe your adventures during one of three phases of your journey: beginning from the challenge of entering the epithelial cell via sodium-coupled transport, until you have been loaded onto an appropriate trna. Amino acids are the building blocks of proteins, which give this amino acid hope in its quest to becoming a membrane transport protein. The small intestine is the site where most of the nutrients from ingested food are absorbed. Essentially where proteins are decomposed to single amino acids by digestion. The goal of the amino acid is to get from the lumen of the intestines in order to enter the epithelial cell.

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Related Questions

1) Look up the structures of the following molecules. For each carbon atom, indicate its oxidation state. Calculate the average oxidation state of the carbon atoms in each.

Glucose

Pyruvic acid

Citric acid

Oxaloacetic acid

Carbon dioxide

2) Consider the following hypothetical cell. Initially, the cell has an equal number of positive and negative charges (cations and anions) on either side of its plasma membrane (extracellular, intracellular). There are equal concentrations of Na+, K+, and Cl- on either side of the plasma membrane. Consider the effects of the following events, in sequence, upon the ion concentrations and charge distributions (membrane electrical potential).

A. NKA proteins are activated in the plasma membrane. How does this affect the ions and the membrane electrical properties?

B. A small number of K+ channels open in the plasma membrane. How does this affect the ions and the membrane electrical properties?

C. An even larger number of Na+ channels open in the plasma membrane.

D. The Na+ and K+ channels close. Cl- channels open.

3) Pancreatic juice contains approximately 150 mM Na+. How do these Na+ ions contribute to the absorption of amino acids and sugars? Explain how 100% of an amino acid can be absorbed from the small intestines. HINT: intestinal epithelial cells have NKA, numerous cotransporters (symporters) and facilitated diffusion proteins.

1. Food passing into the small intestines is very acidic from the hydrochloric acid released by the lining of the stomach and mixed in by churning. The pH of the stomach is about 2 whereas the pH of the small intestines is about 8. A buffer, bicarbonate, is released by the pancreas and used to convert the pH 2 chyme solutions (food) to a pH 8. Explain the importance of the buffer to the continued digestion of your food.

2. Your enzymes have specificity. With this in mind, explain why you need no less than ten different enzymes working on digestion in your small intestines.

3. In a eukaryotic cell there is one nucleus and several mitochondria. Both of these organelles are surrounded by a membrane and contain DNA. With your knowledge of a minimal cell, the cell theory and the endosymbiotic hypothesis, explain whether or not they fit the criteria to be considered a cell and support your answer.

4. Your pancreas cells produce many digestive enzymes necessary for the final digestive processes in your small intestines, including pancreatic amylase to complete the digestion the starches in your food. The pancreatic amylase is secreted from the cells of the pancreas and is carried to the small intestine in the common bile duct. Describe the pancreas cell’s processes that it must go through from production to secretion of this enzyme (amylase).

Question 2. (25 Points) It is the year 2051, and you have been working on living, carbon-based organisms that you isolated on your last trip to the planet Mars. These organisms are surprisingly similar to humans and are made of proteins, lipids and have structures very similar to nucleic acids that are use to transfer information between generations. You find that the cells from these specimens thrive when they are allowed to stick to plastic, but die when you try to grow them on a surface to which they are unable to attach after you flood the plate with RGD peptides. You have a suspicion that the organisms use structures resemble proteins that you studied, almost 35 years ago, back at college. What cellular mechanism MOST LIKELY is leading to cell death in these organisms (5 points)? What is the amino acid sequence of the small peptides that you used to determine this (5 points)? In humans what structures resemble what you have found in the Martian specimens (5 points) and what is their function (5 points)?