GEO 110- Final Exam Guide - Comprehensive Notes for the exam ( 56 pages long!)

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The four traditions: spatial mapping, gis, rs, modeling, quantitative, and techniques, area studies regional geography at all scales, man-land human geography in all its forms, perception, hazards, earth science physical geography. A haphazard, estimated guess method will not suffice in the scientific community: observations, formation of a question, collection of pertinent data and performing experiments, develop of a hypothesis, testing it, proving it. Individual scale individual landforms and their associated plant and animal communities are produced by unique activities of wind or water, and develop distinctive biological communities and soil properties. Atmosphere evolution: early atm = hydrogen and helium, secondary atm formed from volcanic outgassing, co2 replaced by o2 through photosynthesis and dissolution in water, n2 (inert) slowly grew to present day levels. Shape of the earth: not perfect sphere, equatorial diameter slightly greater than polar diameter, earth is an oblate ellipsoid-slightly flattened, the geoid exaggerates small departures from spherical. Size: 12,756km, polar diameter is 12,714km, circumference of 40,000km.