RELG 255 Study Guide - Midterm Guide: Dharma, Uncontacted Peoples, Spiritualism
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Question 1
Evolutionary algorithms are used:
| In engineering, to arrive at solutions by going through many permutations of possible solutions and allowing them to evolve. |
| A genetic feature of complex organisms. |
| A process undergone by the human brain, which is similar to evolution by natural selection. |
| Another term used for a computer algorithm in general. |
Question 2
Human literature and languages can be studied using methods similar to those used for constructing phylogenies because:
| There is no other way of studying these things. |
| Languages evolve roughly along the lines of species, with mutations (changes in words and pronunciation), descent with modification (languages becoming more different along the way), and branching of languages (languages giving rise to other languages that are similar to them). |
| Because literature and languages are constructed by organisms (human beings), so what applies to one must apply to the other. |
| Languages undergo a process of word swapping, which is analogous to horizontal gene transfer. |
Question 3
The degree to which horizontal gene transfer occurs in eukaryotes is:
| Something upon which the entire validity of evolutionary biology hinges. |
| A mystery that may or may not disprove evolution, but we simply don't know enough about it at this point. |
| Something that would overthrow the notion that this phenomenon is important in bacteria. |
| An interesting and potentially important aspect of biology with relevance for how evolution occurs, but not something that would call it into question one way or the other. |
Question 4
Learning about the history of scientific theories and the reasons for why they are initially accepted or rejected is important mostly because:
| It makes for exciting story telling, and this is very much needed to get people interested in science. |
| It teaches us about the process of science as it actually occurs, which is somewhat different to the idealized notion of a purely objective undertaking. |
| It tells us which theories are definitely true or false. |
| It tells us that science is actually a totally subjective process that tries to present itself as objective. In reality, personal subjective factors are the only relevant factors that really matter in science. |
Flow of Costs and Income Statement
Technology Accessories Inc. is a designer, manufacturer, and distributor of accessories for consumer electronic products. Early in 2016, the company began production of a leather cover for tablet computers, called the iLeather. The cover is made of stitched leather with a velvet interior and fits snuggly around most tablet computers. In January, $750,000 was spent on developing marketing and advertising materials. For the first six months of 2016, the company spent $1,400,000 promoting the iLeather. The product was ready for manufacture on January 21, 2016.
Technology Accessories Inc. uses a job order cost system to accumulate costs for the iLeather. Direct materials unit costs for the iLeather are as follows:
| Leather | $10.00 |
| Velvet | 5.00 |
| Packaging | 0.40 |
| Total | $15.40 |
The actual production process for the iLeather is fairly straightforward. First, leather is brought to a cutting and stitching machine. The machine cuts the leather and stitches an exterior edge into the product. The machine requires one hour per 125 iLeathers.
After the iLeather is cut and stitched, it is brought to assembly, where assembly personnel affix the velvet interior and pack the iLeather for shipping. The direct labor cost for this work is $0.50 per unit.
The completed packages are then sold to retail outlets through a sales force. The sales force is compensated by a 20% commission on the wholesale price for all sales.
Total completed production was 500,000 units during the year. Other information is as follows:
| Number of iLeather units sold in 2016 | 460,000 |
| Wholesale price per unit | $40 |
Factory overhead cost is applied to jobs at the rate of $1,250 per machine hour. There were an additional 22,000 cut and stitched iLeathers waiting to be assembled on December 31, 2016.
In your computations, if required, round interim per unit costs to two decimal places.
Required:
1. Prepare an annual income statement for the iLeather product.
| Technology Accessories Inc. | ||
| Income Statement | ||
| For the Year Ended December 31, 2016 | ||
| Sales | $ | |
| Cost of Goods Sold | ||
| Gross Profit | $ | |
| Selling Expenses: | ||
| Salespersons Commissions | $ | |
| Advertising Design | ||
| Advertising Expenses | ||
| Total Selling Expenses | ||
| Income from Operations | $ | |
2. Determine the balances in the finished goods and work in process inventories for the iLeather product on December 31, 2016.
| Finished Goods | $ |
| Work in Process | $ |
