BIOL 111 Study Guide - Fall 2018, Comprehensive Midterm Notes - Evolution, Fish, Exoskeleton
12 Oct 2018
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BIOL 111
MIDTERM EXAM
STUDY GUIDE
Fall 2018
1
BIOL 111: ECOLOGY, EVOLUTIONARY, CONSERVATION BIOLOGY
Compon e n ts of evolutionar y cons erv atio n biology
1. Preserving for evolutionar y history/diver sity
-Variation within the species
-Places with high/unique phyloge n e tic diversity
“EDGE” specie s conce pt – Evolutionar y Diverse Globally Extinct
-If one were to kill off one of the branch e s of this tree, it would be a detrim en t al loss
evolution through ou t environ m e n t al habitat s.
“EUS”s (evolutiona ry unit) – all of these subu nits have compl etely differen t species within
one that do not relate to one anot he r.
“PD” – phylog en e tic diversity
THE SUM OF ALL THE GROUPS MAKE UP THE PHYLOGENETIC DIFFERENCE.
2. Preven tin g interbr e e ding depre ssio n
-Increa s e popula tion size (gene tic diversity in relation to size, less likely to be inbred)
-Inbre eding avoidanc e (no relatives toget h er )
-“gen etic rescu e” – small inbred population, big outbr ed approach, evolution allows y
persist in an environme n t
-Few outsid e gen es evolution is much great er, better for the
en viro n m e n t
3. Incorpor ating conte m p or a r y (rapid) evolution
-Charles Darwin; believed that evolution was a timely proces s
(elongat e d), takes forever for the smallest chan ge
oBut is that really what he meant?
-Evolution was extre m el y rapid, over hundred s of years, plenty of
evolution had bee n going on, he thoug ht that species could
differentia te over 100 years.
Rapid Evolution as a foe:
1. Antiviral Resist an ce
2. Antibiotic resista nc e
3. Chemothe r a p y resista nc e
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4. Pesticide resista nce
5. Herbicide resist an c e
Impact on the environm e n t and on a species population:
How to conce pt u alize ad apt a tion?
-Distribution of phenotyp e s correlat e closely to the optimu m
Scenario 1; Abrupt Environ me n t Change – the optimu m now shifts to
anoth er location, in the population in the rang e of phenot yp e s, you will
have higher fitness of individuals on one side rather than the other
oThis is the respo ns e due to the abrup t chang e, there will be a
SHIFT in the optimu m, forcing thos e to fall at fitness
Scenario 2: Gradual shift in the optimu m rac e of ada pt a tion and cost of
being malad a pt e d
-The environ m e n t shift is still prese nt, but not as coarse as the abrupt,
wher e the environ m e n t will gradu ally acc ept new optimu m
How can populations matc h their pheno typ e s to the environ me n t? (Moving to
a place where their phe not yp e is mor e suite d)
1. Move to an appro pria te location
2. Stay in place but chang e pheno typ e s to suit the new optimu m
a. Plasticity (cha nging the time of reprod uction, making decisions
e.g. flowering in plants)
b. Evolution (population level, gen etic chang e in organis m s will
better suit the m for the chan ge in conditions)
Global Warming – Red Squirrels
-The gene tic shift in the reproduc tiv e timing, bree d when it’s warmer
(plastic), removing of that will affect the evolution ary proces s as a
whole (evolution)
e.g. trophy huntin g natur al selection re m ov e d plasticity rapid
evolution small horne d shee p
e.g. fish of the same age are exp ect e d to be half the size (before 1960)
- the harder you fish, the mor e rapid the evolution occur s to turn to
smaller fish
How gene ral is it?
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BIOL 111 Full Course Notes
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Document Summary
Compo n e n t s of evolution a r y cons e r v a tio n biology: pres er vin g for evolution a r y history/div e r sit y. Variation within the spe ci e s. Place s with high/u niq u e phylog e n e t i c diversity. Edge speci e s conc e p t evolution a r y divers e globally extinct. Pd phylog e n e t i c diversity. The sum of all the groups make up the phylogenetic difference: prev e n tin g inter br e e di n g depr e s s io n. Incre a s e popul a tio n size (gen e tic diversity in relation to size, less likely to be inbre d) Inbre e di n g avoid a n c e (no relativ e s tog e t h e r )
