PSYC 1100 Study Guide - Fall 2018, Comprehensive Midterm Notes -
PSYC 1100
MIDTERM EXAM
STUDY GUIDE
Fall 2018
Neuro system mistakes
Thursday, September 7, 2017
11:37 PM
• Interneurons can only found in spinal cord and peripheral nervous system
• Sensory and motor neurons are linked by interneurons
• Proteins with negative charge are ONLY found in intracellular fluid
• Sodium ions have a negative charge in extracellular fluid
• In its resting state, an axon has mostly negative inside and positive outside
• Sodium ions are more concentrated in the extracellular fluid while potassium ions in the
intracellular
• The positive charge of one section of the axon causes the sodium gates to open
• Action potential is comprised of polarizations
• The membrane is repolarized when gates open and sodium ions flow out of the axon
• Neurotransmitters are released from synaptic vesicles
When neuron fires, positively charged sodium ions flood in, this called depolarization causes the
next axon channel to open and so on, called action potential.
Refractory period when the neuron pumps the positively charged ions back outside.
Older brain structures
• fMRI scan: tracks successive images of brain tissue to show brain function
• PET scan tracks radioactive glucose to reveal brain activity, ex. Looking at someone as a friend or
stranger
• MRI uses magnetic waves and radio waves to shoe brain anatomy
• EEG recording of electrical activity waves across brains surface, these waves are measured by
electrodes placed on the scalp.
Brain mistakes
• The midbrain triggers head movement in response to loud sound
• Person with adhd has problems with his reticular formation
• Adjacent areas of the body are represented in adjacent regions of the motor cortex
• Sexual behavior is closely related to hypothalamus
Frontal lobes: speaking, muscle movement, making plans and judgements
Parietal: receives sensory input for touch and body position
Occipital: visuals
Temporal lobes: receiving info from opposite ear
Motor cortex: controls voluntary movements
Thalamus: brains sensory control center, brains relay system, sensory info directs msgs to cortex and
transmits replies to cerebellum and medulla
Cerebellum: motor movements
Reticular formation: travels through brainstem to thalamus, controlling arousal, alertness and sleep,
waking up
Midbrain: vision, hearing, motor control, sleep/wake, alertness, someone hits your head
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Pons: sleep, dreaming, movement like walking
Hypothalamus: controls hunger, thirst, sexual, maintains homeostatic activities
Medulla: controls basic life stuff, breathing
Hippocampus: memory, navigation in environment
Dopamine pathways:
• Reward
• Pleasure
• Motor function
• Compulsion
Serotonin pathways:
• Mood
• Memory
• Sleep
• Cognition
Drugs:
• Many opiate drugs, like fentanyl, act like dopamine to make you feel good
• These drugs flood brain and brain response producing less naturally occurring dopamine
• When drug is withdrawn, there is less occurring natural dopamine producing depression
The limbic system:
• Neural center includes hippocampus, amygdala, hypothalamus
• Is linked to emotions, memory, and drives
The cerebral cortex
-Two hemispheres
-Each hemisphere has four lobes frontal parietal occipital and temporal
Functions of motor cortex: left hemisphere tissue in the motor cortex and the somatosensory cortex
Sensory functions
-The visual cortex of occipital lobes at the rear of brain receives input from eyes
-The auditory cortex in the temporal lobes above ears, receives info from ears
Functions of cortex:
Association areas of the cortex:
-Are found in all four lobes
-Found in the frontal lobes enable judgment, planning, processing new memories
Damage to association areas:
-Results in different losses
The brains plasticity:
find more resources at oneclass.com
find more resources at oneclass.com
Document Summary
Interneurons can only found in spinal cord and peripheral nervous system. Sensory and motor neurons are linked by interneurons: proteins with negative charge are only found in intracellular fluid. Sodium ions have a negative charge in extracellular fluid. In its resting state, an axon has mostly negative inside and positive outside. When neuron fires, positively charged sodium ions flood in, this called depolarization causes the next axon channel to open and so on, called action potential. Refractory period when the neuron pumps the positively charged ions back outside. Older brain structures fmri scan: tracks successive images of brain tissue to show brain function: pet scan tracks radioactive glucose to reveal brain activity, ex. Looking at someone as a friend or stranger: mri uses magnetic waves and radio waves to shoe brain anatomy, eeg recording of electrical activity waves across brains surface, these waves are measured by electrodes placed on the scalp.
