MICI 2100 Study Guide - Fall 2018, Comprehensive Midterm Notes - Protein, Dna, Bacteria
12 Oct 2018
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MICI 2100
MIDTERM EXAM
STUDY GUIDE
Fall 2018
Microbiology Lecture 1 - September 4, 2018
Learning Outcomes
• Recognize the depth of microbiological life and its contribution to global and human outcomes
• Appreciate key discoveries that shaped the field of microbiology and immunology
• Demonstrate koledge of the etral priiples assoiated ith Kohs postulates
• Recognize key milestones that identified DNA/RNA as the blueprint coding for life
• Understand the concept of genetic engineering and how it applies to biotechnology
Why Study Microbiology and Immunology?
• The concepts within Microbiology and Immunology dominate all aspects of life on this planet
and in this universe
➢ Simple beginnings and less complex systems
• Microorganisms have evolved over 4 billion years (on earth) and are representative of the
earliest life forms
• Microbial diversity is truly remarkable
➢ Our uderstadig of iroial diersit is a liited sap shot of hat e a stud
(isolate and grow). Ex. some bacteria do not grow well in isolation or the lab
• Immunology is often associated with the ability to combat microbial activity and provide a
means for host defence
➢ A ke if ot etral aspet to surial for ost orgaiss ee ors ad plats…
• The obvious linkage and understanding of these disciplines is critical for:
➢ The planet
➢ Human health and medicine
➢ Biotechnology
➢ Therapeutic
The beginnings of Microscopy
• Antoni van Leeuwenhoek
➢ He saw small microorganism using a light
source, a len and an optical mechanism.
➢ He used to the description of ee aialules to desrie ateria.
• Edward Jenner
➢ He was a British physician and had deliberately exposed a young healthy boy to cowpox
contaminated needle to test a hypothesis. He was the first to study vaccines.
▪ Resulted in a mild form of disease but no sickness
▪ Concept of immunity and host defence
▪ The basis of vaccines (-vacca -cow in latin)
▪ The work was continued by another famous microbiologist
• Louis Pasteur
➢ French microbiologist designed the swan neck flask experiment.
➢ Disproof of Aristotles spotaeous geeratio theor the so alled life-fore. Everybody
believed in the idea of life force in the air. If you stopped breathing, your life force will end.
The maximal observed resolution
achieved by an electron microscope is
nanometer.
find more resources at oneclass.com
find more resources at oneclass.com
➢ Simple, yet eloquent experiments to show that microscopic organisms were responsible for
putrefaction, spoilage
➢ Supported Redi (maggots) and Spallanzani (corked) that were before him. Both Redi and
“pallazais eperiet ere oduted in a supposedly seal environment but maggots
spotaeousl geerated i the sealed essels. Thus, supportig spotaeous geeratio.
➢ Enter the concept and practice of Pasteurization
Pasteurization – is the process where milk/other products is heat-treated to remove of small pathogens
but does not sterilizes; extends self-life of products
➢ Pasteur also investigated vaccines
➢ Both Pasteur and Jenner performed unethical experiments on humans although their
findings significantly improved our understanding of immunity
The Swan Neck Flask Experiment
• Dishes in the dishwater is not sterile, it is cleaned. There is a difference.
• To sterilize soethig, ou eed to epose the to etree heat or pressure. Theres a
difference between pasteurization and sterilization. Sterility has no life.
Robert Koch
• Significant contribution to the understanding of pathogenesis and its link to disease
• He was studying mycobacterium tuberculosis. In the old time, it was called consumption. It is a
lung infection which can lead to organ failures and subsequently, death
• His works were the first methods reported to identify organisms in pure culture
➢ Solid growth media and sterile technique (He was able to sterile technique and specific
media to grow microorganisms in pure culture.)
➢ Kochs postulates are essetial for causative aget arguets for diseases
▪ Does HIV cause AIDS (big debate)? Needed a way to grow the virus to run tests, but
viruses are a lot harder to grow than bacteria.
find more resources at oneclass.com
find more resources at oneclass.com
Document Summary
Why study microbiology and immunology: the concepts within microbiology and immunology dominate all aspects of life on this planet and in this universe. Simple beginnings and less complex systems: microorganisms have evolved over 4 billion years (on earth) and are representative of the earliest life forms, microbial diversity is truly remarkable. Our u(cid:374)dersta(cid:374)di(cid:374)g of (cid:373)i(cid:272)ro(cid:271)ial di(cid:448)ersit(cid:455) is a (cid:858)li(cid:373)ited(cid:859) s(cid:374)ap shot of (cid:449)hat (cid:449)e (cid:272)a(cid:374) stud(cid:455) (isolate and grow). Ex. some bacteria do not grow well in isolation or the lab. Immunology is often associated with the ability to combat microbial activity and provide a means for host defence. A ke(cid:455) (cid:894)if (cid:374)ot (cid:272)e(cid:374)tral(cid:895) aspe(cid:272)t to sur(cid:448)i(cid:448)al for (cid:373)ost orga(cid:374)is(cid:373)s (cid:894)e(cid:448)e(cid:374) (cid:449)or(cid:373)s a(cid:374)d pla(cid:374)ts (cid:895: the obvious linkage and understanding of these disciplines is critical for: The beginnings of microscopy: antoni van leeuwenhoek. The maximal observed resolution achieved by an electron microscope is nanometer. He saw small microorganism using a light source, a len and an optical mechanism.
