HNN112 Study Guide - Final Guide: Fall Prevention, Bedpan, Subcutaneous Tissue
HNN112
ACTIVITY AND EXERCISE
1
Mobility refers to the ability to move freely, easily, rhythmically and purposefully through the environment,
an essential part of living.
FACTORS THAT AFFECT PATIENT MOBILITY
- GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT
A perso’s age and musculoskeletal and nervous system development affect posture, body proportions,
body mass, body movements and reflexes. Motor development also assists with fine motor skills that lead
to varying exercises.
As age advances, muscle tone decreases, joints loose flexibility, reaction time slows, and bone mass
decreases.
Osteoporosis is a condition in which the bones become brittle and fragile due to calcium depletion.
- NUTRITION
Both under-nutrition and over-nutrition can influence body alignment and mobility. Poorly nourished
people have muscle weakness and fatigue, as well as obesity, low vitamin D and inadequate calcium.
- PERSONAL VALUES AND ATTITUDES
Families may have a regular exercise routine, or not. Some people may value a fitter appearance.
Motivational factors also play a part.
- EXTERNAL FACTORS
Eessiel high or lo teperatures a ifluee a perso’s at to exercise, as well as proper
hydration. Also the availability of recreational facilities can influence someone.
- PRESCRIBED LIMITATIONS
Some may be limited and unable to exercise, such as people with braces/splints/shortness of breath etc.
EFFECTS OF IMMOBILITY
- MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM
Disuse osteoporosis is when the bones demineralise due to disuse, they become spongy and gradually
deform.
Disuse atrophy is when unused muscles atrophy (decrease in size).
Contractures are the shortening of the muscles occurring, when the muscle fibres are not able to shorten
or lengthen.
Stiffness or pain in joints can also occur.
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- CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
Diminished cardiac reserve occurs, and an immobilised person can therefore have tachycardia from the
smallest of exertions.
Increased use of the Valsalva manoeuvre, this refers to holding your breath and straining against a closed
glottis.
Orthostatic hypotension is a common result of immobilisation, it is when the blood vessels of the lower
extremities fail to have vasoconstriction (a usually natural SNS process), and therefore blood pools in the
lower limbs and BP drops.
Venous vasodilation, the skeletal muscles of a person contracts with each movement, but in an immobile
person this does not occur (venous vasodilation) and muscles atrophy.
Dependent oedema is when serous fluid seeps into the interstitial tissues, and this can occur in an
immobile person.
Thrombus formation, a thrombus (clot) is particularly dangerous if it breaks loose from the vein and enters
the general circulation (embolus).
- RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
Decreased respiratory, in an immobilised person the ventilation of the lungs in passively altered.
Pooling of respiratory secretions, changing positions or posture normally expels secretions of the
respiratory tract or coughing, which means an immobilised person may have pooling.
Atelectasis is when ventilation is decreased and pooled secretions accumulate in a dependent area of the
bronchiole and effectively block it.
Hypostatic pneumonia is when the pooled secretions provide a media for bacteria growth and a respiratory
infection occurs.
- URINARY SYSTEM
Urinary stasis is the stoppage or slow down of flow, as when a person remains horizontal, gravity impedes
the emptying of the kidneys and bladder.
Renal calculi (stones), occurs as immobility results in excessive amounts of calcium in the urine and the
balance between the calcium and citric acid is disturbed, resulting in acidic urine.
Urinary retention is the accumulation of urine in the bladder, which can lead to a distended bladder.
Urinary infection can occur as static urine provides a medium for bacterial growth.
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Document Summary
Mobility refers to the ability to move freely, easily, rhythmically and purposefully through the environment, an essential part of living. A perso(cid:374)"s age and musculoskeletal and nervous system development affect posture, body proportions, body mass, body movements and reflexes. Motor development also assists with fine motor skills that lead to varying exercises. As age advances, muscle tone decreases, joints loose flexibility, reaction time slows, and bone mass decreases. Osteoporosis is a condition in which the bones become brittle and fragile due to calcium depletion. Both under-nutrition and over-nutrition can influence body alignment and mobility. Poorly nourished people have muscle weakness and fatigue, as well as obesity, low vitamin d and inadequate calcium. Families may have a regular exercise routine, or not. E(cid:454)(cid:272)essi(cid:448)el(cid:455) high or lo(cid:449) te(cid:373)peratures (cid:373)a(cid:455) i(cid:374)flue(cid:374)(cid:272)e a perso(cid:374)"s (cid:449)a(cid:374)t to exercise, as well as proper hydration. Also the availability of recreational facilities can influence someone.
