INTR2010 Study Guide - Final Guide: Middle Power, Mughal Empire, Power Transition Theory
18 Jun 2018
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(WK 5)
ASIA’S MIDDLE POWERS: PUNCHING ABOVE THEIR WEIGHT?
JAPAN & INDIA: GREAT POWERS OR NOT?
ASIA’S MIDDLE POWERS: PUNICHING ABOVE THEIR WEIGHT?
Order: Great and Middle Powers
Managing Order
-Preserve balance, manage crises, protect order values and coordinate actions
Asia-Pacific
-Power transition, regional flashpoints, liberal or hierarchical order, institutions or
concert
Major theories
-Realists: cannot effect change
-Liberals: largely bandwagoning
-Constructivists: as norm-makers
Order by negotiation
-Social compacts, legitimization of inequality, “enmeshment”
Power transitions
-How might middle powers shape Asia’s power transition?
Defining Middle Powers
Middle powers IR
-IR is also a “game of skill”
-Leader-follower dynamic
Definitions
-Position, behaviour and identity
-Quantifiable, entrepreneurial and recognition
Middle power activism
-Capacity, concentration, creativity, coalitions and credibility
Middle power strategies
Strategic approaches
-Functional: resources specific issues “niche diplomacy”
-Behavioural: norms of multilateralism and conflict mediation
Strategic motivations
-Resource availability
-Strategic environment
Quantifying middle powers
A positional approach
-Grey area between great and small powers
-Secondary internally sound, regional interests and influence
Middle power indicators
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-Population size, GDP, GDP per capita, military expenditure, geographical area,
trade activity, life expectancy
INDIA: GREAT POWER OR NOT?
Civilization and colonialism
Ancient civilization
-Indus valley, Aryan civilizations multiple kingdoms and religions
-Mogul empire: political consolidation 1526-1858
British India
-Europeans from 1500s, post-Napoleon = UK direct rule (1858)
Toward independence
-Nationalism and partition (1947) indepdendece: population – 350M and GDP -
$222B 2014: population – 1.2B+ and GDP $2.049T
Foreign policy traditions
Nehruvianism
-Idealism, non-alignment, anti-imperialism, moralism
Under the first PM (1947-1964): India espoused nonalignment – aiming
to maintain good relations with both East and West, and the developing
world, but making no alliances
Hindu nationalism
-Reorganization of South Asia on religious lines
Realism
-Post-1962 strategic autonomy
After Nehru’s death: India sought strategic autonomy – but downplayed
its earlier idealism:
oIndia modernized its military, fought and won 2 wars against
Pakistan, and concluded a Treaty of Friendship and Cooperation,
with the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) – giving it
access to Soviet markets and military hardware
-Post-Cold War: great power status and strategic hedging
End of the Cold War
Socialist autarky
-Closed economy, inefficient and uncompetitive, low growth
Soviet collapse, Gulf War
-Economic crisis (oil price rise) balance of payments crisis (1991)
The collapse of the USSR in 1991 began India’s 3rd phase of Indian
foreign and security policy- plunged into economic crisis due to increase
of oil prices following 1991 Gulf War India’s government embarked
on some liberalization of its heavily protected economy to try to
stimulate growth, and began to build new relationships that might give it
access to badly needed capital
Post-Cold War reform
-Economic restructuring and diplomatic opening
-Strategic challenges go nuclear?
find more resources at oneclass.com
find more resources at oneclass.com
