ECON1102 Study Guide - Final Guide: Monetary Policy, Commercial Bank, Monetary Base
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The Financial Sector and Monetary Policy
Money and the Macroeconomy
• In the long-run money is neutral and simply exists to facilitate exchange in the real economy.
• In the short-run, money can interact with the real economy to have real - but temporary - effects.
What is money and why do we need it?
• Money is much broader than currency and refers to anything that has the following functions:
1. Medium of exchange - allows us to conduct transactions more efficiently than bartering, i.e. direct
exchanging of goods and services for other goods and services.
2. Unit of account - means that clear and easy-to-use benchmark is provided against which to measure
all prices and transactions against.
3. Store of value - money can "hold" the value of resources reliably across time. Many commodities are
perishable and some become obsolescent and thus cannot hold value consistently. Money, does not
have this problem, which allows value to be stored, saved and retrieved as desired.
4. Standard of deferred payment - the function of facilitating economic transactions across time, i.e.
borrowing and lending.
Measuring Money by Degrees of Liquidity
• Money is liquid, i.e. can be immediately tendered and received for transactions between buyers and
sellers of real goods and services.
• The most liquid part of a nation's money supply is the monetary base which includes currency in
circulation and accounts, called reserves, which private banks hold with the economy's central bank,
which pay no interest.
• Reserves ensure that banks have sufficient cash on hand in case there is a run on the bank asking for
currency withdrawals.
• In AUS, the RBA measures: currency; the broader monetary base as defined above; then has a broader
measure, M1, that adds current deposits of the private non-bank sector; and the M3 which adds all
other bank deposits of the private non-bank sector, and "Broad money" which adds other borrowings.
• Slide 15 detailed description
Credit vs. Money
• Credit includes loans, advances and bills provided to the private non-bank sector (individuals and firms)
by all financial intermediaries.
• Credit is not a direct form of money, but is now used by the RBA as a main measure of monetary
movements in AUS.
• Financial intermediation - process in which financial institutions specialise in brokering and enabling
money market transactions.
• Credit is a product of such a process and is often more important than money itself. Credit creation is
largely driven through and by the banking sector.
Commercial Banking
• Commercial banking is a business where an entity (the commercial bank) first accept money from
savers, primarily in the form of interest-bearing deposits.
SPREAD - the commercial banking business model
• You borrow money at one price and then lend that same money out again at another, higher price.
• The price of money is called the interest rate.
• SPREAD - the difference between the interest rate that the intermediary is paying to get (i.e. borrow) its
money and the interest rate that it charges others to whom it lends the borrowed money.
• Example slide 20, 21
Money Creation
• Commercial banks thus have two basic dimensions.
1. They operate as private businesses to connect savers and borrowers and earn profit in the
form of spread.
2. Second, they have systemic functions: (1) to provide for an efficient allocation of funds
across present and future; (2) leveraging existing 'official' money into a larger money supply
or money creation.
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Document Summary
In the long-run money is neutral and simply exists to facilitate exchange in the real economy. In the short-run, money can interact with the real economy to have real - but temporary - effects. Many commodities are perishable and some become obsolescent and thus cannot hold value consistently. Money, does not have this problem, which allows value to be stored, saved and retrieved as desired: standard of deferred payment - the function of facilitating economic transactions across time, i. e. borrowing and lending. Credit includes loans, advances and bills provided to the private non-bank sector (individuals and firms) by all financial intermediaries. Credit is not a direct form of money, but is now used by the rba as a main measure of monetary movements in aus. Financial intermediation - process in which financial institutions specialise in brokering and enabling money market transactions. Credit is a product of such a process and is often more important than money itself.