Class-Fashion Design

Step 1: Use Your Imagination

In this unit, you have learned about people who have different types of disabilities yet want clothes and accessories that are stylish and functional. What kind of garment or accessory would you design that would be of practical use to someone who has a disability?

Step 2: Conduct Some Research

If you have a disability, think about which garments or accessories help you and which frustrate you. If you know someone who has a disability, you may want to ask that person’s permission to discuss how certain garments or accessories make life easier or harder. You can also use the internet to research disabilities.

Step 3: Generate Ideas

Think about a product that you could design that would help someone with a disability. This could include:

• a messenger bag or backpack for a person who uses a wheelchair and has limited upper-body mobility

• a purse for someone with arthritis

• a skirt that does not tangle in a wheelchair

• a shirt or dress that does not require the use of buttons and does not have to be pulled over the head

Step 4: Choose an Idea and Get It on Paper

Make a labeled sketch of the idea you like best. If you don’t want to sketch your idea, you can describe it in a paragraph instead.

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Answer the following questions for each summary

Questions:

1.How do you see yourself incorporating the key ideas you identified in your summary; what might seem natural, what might seem challenging, and why

2.Why is this outcome essential for your project and what will accomplishing it mean for your stakeholders; what will not accomplishing it mean for your project

3.Provide a realistic plan for the three to five specific steps you'll take to accomplish your task; list the steps and describe how you would go about doing it

4.Narrate the story of how key stakeholder groups will react to your action; pay specific attention to stakeholders who will increase their support for your change, and to those who will maintain their resistance. Discuss what forms the support and resistance will take. Note the support and resistance and return to it in future chapter reflections

Summaries:

Summary 1:To be a credible leader, you first need to engage in two essentials. You first need to clarify your values by comprehending fully the values, beliefs, and assumptions that drive you, choose the principles you'll use to guide your actions, and be clear about the message you want to deliver. You then need to express your self by communicating your beliefs in ways that uniquely represent who you are.

Summary2: Constituents are more deeply moved by deeds than by words. Leading by example is how leaders make visions and values tangible--how they demonstrate that they are personally committed. To set the example, leaders build and affirm shared values and align actions with values.Build And Affirm Shared Values. Shared values are the foundation for productive and genuine relationships: people must have a common core of understanding.

Summary3: Vision comes from relationships with others. We are much more likely to step forward when we feel passionate about the legacy we want to leave and about the kind of world we want for others. "Forward-Looking," one of the three most admired leadership characteristics, is the one that is not directly related to credibility. But for people to willingly follow, they need to believe that a leader knows where she is heading. All enterprises or projects begin with the belief that what's merely an idea can one day be made real. Thus, to envision the future, leaders must master these essentials: Discover the theme and imagine the possibilities.

Summary4:The authors relate the story of a leader who discovered how essential it is to find out what motivates his team members. He says that the more you know about the people you work with, the more commited you become to each other's succees and the more you realize that you have similar hopes and aspirations for what you are working on. A company is like an engine: "We cannot move forward if any of the cogs are not working.Develop A Shared Sense Of Destiny:A leader's vision is not enough. Members of the organization must understand, accept, and commit to it. Leadership is a dialogue, not a monologue. Leaders must engage constituents in conversations about their lives, hopes, and dreams, to develop a shared sense of destiny, an ideal and unique image of the future for the common good.

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This is news that shakes the entire life sciences. We would finally have found the DNA of the most fantasy creature ever populated the Earth: a dinosaur! No, we are not at the beginning of the Jurassic Park movie. The team of American and Chinese paleontologists behind this incredible discovery is very real. And they did not need an unlikely find, such as the mosquito full of blood and trapped in amber imagined by Hollywood writers.

The reality is simpler: it was in a very small fossil discovered several decades ago, an innocuous piece of petrified cartilage, that this treasure hid. As an additional nod, it was the scientific advisor to the famous science fiction film, Jack Horner, who discovered it in the late 1980s, within the Two Medicine rock formation in Montana (United States). On the site rested several remains of a duck-billed dinosaur, of the species Hypacrosaurus stebingeri, a herbivore that could reach 10 m in length and lived in North America 75 million years ago.

And thirty years later, while reanalyzing one of these fossils, a piece of cartilage from a baby's skull, Alida Bailleul, paleontologist at the Chinese Academy of Sciences, observes an amazing phenomenon: inside some cells, especially those frozen in full division, strange dark spots are visible at the very place where DNA is supposed to condense into chromosomes! Feminile, researchers then inject fluorescent molecules into the tissues, which have the property of binding specifically to the nitrogen bases of DNA. "The nucleus inside the cells has colored, proving that DNA has been detected," enthuses Alida Bailleul.

AN UNEXPECTED OUTCOME

However, no DNA is supposed to survive so long... Its laws of degradation are clear.

"So far, all the data showed that DNA cannot be preserved for more than 1 million years," says Céline Bon, a researcher in genetic anthropology at the National Museum of Natural History. Over time, it fragments into small pieces, becoming less and less exploitable, before disappearing completely. And the warmer it is, the more DNA deteriorates. The oldest samples found so far had all been kept in permafrost or ice caps. And even among these, none were more than 1 million years old! So a dinosaur DNA, 75 times older? The result seems simply absurd.

CLONING DREAMS

Despite everything, this discovery gives researchers hope to increase their knowledge of dinosaurs like never before. "For the moment, we only study them through birds, which are Avian dinosaurs," recalls Céline Bon. And if scientists have already found proteins in fossils 195 million years old (see box), "the information is much less rich than that contained in DNA," points out Thierry Grange.

It is a reconstruction of the entire phylogenetic tree of dinosaurs, but also a better knowledge of their ecology, even their diseases, that a future study of their genome would suggest - not to mention cloning dreams. To achieve this, there might be no need for new and miraculous finds. Because museums and collections are already full of fossils. How many of them still hide within them a tiny DNA fragment, certainly a little degraded, but ready to reveal itself?

But if we exclude this possibility, how to explain the observed structures and, above all, the results of the coloring test? External contamination of the samples, a major enemy of paleontologists, is of course possible. Many organic or mineral structures, of more recent origin than fossils, can be deposited there during fossilization or analysis by scientists. In addition, "the DNA detection methods used are not very specific. Dyes can react with other organic substances," warns Thierry Grange, head of the Epigenome and Paleogenome team at the Jacques-Monod Institute.

Except that for Alida Bailleul, this hypothesis is not possible: "Staining was observed inside the cells, precisely at the location of the nucleus," she sweeps. This would not have been the case if organisms, such as bacteria or viruses, had interfered in the sample: the staining would then have spread throughout its surface. So what? Anything we thought we knew about DNA conservation would be false? Decoding the genome of a tyrannosaurus, or why not Lucy the australopitheca, would become the domain of the possible? For Alida Bailleul, this discovery leads to a review of some a priori: "The entire scientific community does not know enough about genome degradation in very old fossils." To fill this gap, it will have to overcome a powerful cognitive barrier: "We are not yet ready to consider keeping DNA for so long. But ten years ago, no one would have believed anyone saying they had found fragments 1 million years old, "says Thierry Grange.R

We are therefore at a real turning point. But there is still a long way to go. Already, "these experiments should be replicated in other laboratories by other teams," comments Céline Bon. Alida Bailleul is already looking further, and would like to "analyze more fossils and use different tests to better understand the DNA preservation process. But to do this, it will have to be studied with new chemistry, histology and new sequencers methods, and therefore innovate". With the ultimate goal of one day being able to sequence the DNA discovered, that is to say, determine the order of the bases that make up the molecule and thus obtain crucial genetic information about our duck-billed dinosaur. But the team does not think this is possible immediately. "Current DNA sequencing technologies do not work properly on very old fossils, like this," admits Alida Bailleul. First of all, we should start by better understanding how the genome is deteriorating...