After the Civil War, the US started to industrialize quickly, and depending on who is writing about this time period, the so-called industrial titans or robber barons were in charge of this process. What were some of the prevalent theories (or, to use Hunt's term, ideologies) advanced to support the brand-new status quo? Do these concepts still exist today?

Over the last couple of weeks, we have read about accounting and decision making. We are going to apply these concepts to your idea from week 2. Provide a cost/benefit analysis for your idea. Make sure to mention any sunk or opportunity costs involved in the implementation of this program as well as the long-term increase in projected profitability. You are permitted to use fictional numbers as far as costs go, but you should provide research to support any opportunity costs or projected profitability. You can find industry averages for various program costs and projected benefits.

Case Study Activity 2

This is a Problem-Solving Application. Read the case and undertake the ensuing activities.

Ababio Center Addresses Employee-Related Issues

Ababio Center, a social services agency in Adum, Kumasi, provides help to youth and low-income families. The center is funded by Local government, state and local agencies, together with insurers and private donors. The center’s rate of employee turnover recently grew from 41 percent to 72 percent over three years. This compares to national turnover rates between 50 and 60 percent for community health facilities. Ababio also found that employee motivation and engagement declined during the period, as did the quality of service provided. Nana Oye Odame, the HR director for the center, was charged with examining turnover, so she put together a team to examine its causes. The team looked at earlier job satisfaction surveys and exit interviews and identified the following themes:

• People quit because of “demanding work, work/life balance issues relating to night and weekend work, low salaries, on-call responsibilities without additional compensation for certain programs,”

• poor career development opportunities, and lack of support for managers.

Odame did not know how to eliminate these potential causes of turnover. She decided to ask the task force to interview managers from other social service agencies in Kumasi to discover how they were handling similar organizational issues.

Apply the 3-Step Problem-Solving Approach Step 1: Define the problem in this case.

Step 2: Identify the causes. What concepts or theories of OB help to explain the reasons people are quitting?

Step 3: Make your recommendations to resolve the problem.

Question 1:

Using conditioning theory as your guide, why was the training program not more effective?

1) The conditioning process emphasizes the importance of consequences of behaviour—in this case, there did not seem to be any consequence (positive or negative) to the supervisors learning or applying what they were supposed to learn in their training.

2) The conditioning process emphasizes the importance of consequences of learning. In this case, there did not seem to be any consequence (positive or negative) to the supervisors performance.

3) The conditioning process emphasizes the importance of consequences of performance—in this case, there did not seem to be any consequence (positive or negative) to the supervisors performance.

4) The conditioning process emphasizes the importance of consequences of cost—in this case, there did not seem to be any consequence (positive or negative) to the reward model.

5) None of the above.

Question 2

How could the program be improved by using some of the concepts, principles, and components of conditioning theory?

1) Consequences for applying the skills acquired (positive or negative reinforcement) might have improved the training outcomes significantly.

2) Positive role modelling might have improved the training outcomes significantly.

3)Senior leaders in the training modelling the training behaviours might have improved the training outcomes significantly.

4) A thorough organizational analysis might have improved the training outcomes significantly.

5) None of the above.

Learning & Motivation

Nurse supervisors at a large hospital seldom conducted performance appraisal interviews and some refused to do them. They complained that there was no time to meet with every nurse, and that it was a difficult, time-consuming, and unpleasant process that was a big waste of time. Some were uncomfortable with the process and found it to be stressful for everybody involved. They said it caused a lot of anxiety for them and the nurses.

However, the administration was in the process of introducing a new model of nursing that required all nurses to perform certain critical behaviours when interacting with and counselling patients and their families. It was therefore imperative that performance appraisals be conducted to ensure that nurses were implementing the new model of nursing and performing these critical behaviours.

The nurse supervisors would be required to evaluate their nurses’ performance every six months and then conduct a performance appraisal interview with each nurse in which the previous six months’ performance would be discussed. An action plan would then be developed with specific goals for improvement.

The administration decided to hire a performance management consultant to provide a one-day workshop on how to conduct performance appraisals for all nurse supervisors. The training program was mandatory and all nurse supervisors had to attend. Many of them did so reluctantly, complaining that it would be a waste of time and that it would not make any difference in how things were done in the hospital.

The training program began with a lecture on performance management and how to conduct performance appraisal interviews. The consultant first explained that the purpose of a performance appraisal interview is to give feedback to employees on how well they are performing their jobs and then plan for future growth and development. He then discussed different types of performance appraisal interviews such as the “tell-and-sell interview,” the “tell-and-listen interview,” and the “problem-solving interview.” This was followed by a list of guidelines on how to conduct effective interviews, such as asking the employee to do a self-assessment, focusing on behaviour not the person, minimizing criticism, focusing on problem solving, and being supportive. The trainees were then instructed on how to set goals and develop an action plan for improvement.

After the lecture, the trainees were asked to participate in a role play in which they would take turns playing the part of a supervisor and an employee. They were provided with information about a nurse’s job performance to discuss in the role play and then develop an action plan. However, some of the trainees left the session, refusing to participate. Others did not take it seriously and made a joke out of it. There was a lot of laughing and joking throughout this part of the program. After the role play there was a group discussion about the role play followed by a review of the key points to remember when conducting performance appraisal interviews.

Although the supervisors were supposed to begin conducting performance reviews and interviews shortly after the training program, very few actually did. Some said they tried to do them but could not find time to interview all of their nurses. Others said that they followed the consultant’s guidelines but they did not see any improvement in how they conducted interviews or in how nurses reacted to them. Some said it continued to be a stressful experience that was uncomfortable for them and the nurses, so they decided to stop doing them.

One year later, performance appraisals were still a rare occurrence at the hospital. Furthermore, many of the nurses were not practising the new nursing model and, as a result, nursing care and performance were inconsistent throughout the hospital and often unsatisfactory.

Using the above thought cycle as a guide, we are able to consistently analyze the case study: