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Describe the features and benefits of home birth  vs. hospital birth

250 words.

What difficulties would you have to take into account when giving a presentation online? Be specific and give an extended answer also Give some instances of how you might resolve these issues.

CDC study says cigarette price hike would cut demand

ATLANTA (Reuters) -- A 50 percent increase in cigarette prices would cut overall consumption by 12.5 percent, with even greater declines in smoking among minorities and young adults, federal health experts said Thursday. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) said a statistical analysis of smoking habits since 1976 suggested that raising cigarette prices by 50 percent would result in about 60 billion fewer cigarettes smoked per year

Increasing the price of cigarettes by 50 percent would cut consumption by 7 percent among Caucasian-Americans, 16 percent among African-Americans, and almost 95 percent among Hispanic-Americans, the CDC's mathematical model predicted. "If there is a price increase, there will be much more of a decline in consumption among minority groups than there will be among Caucasian-Americans," said Michael Eriksen, director of the CDC's Office on Smoking and Health. The agency said that for sampling and statistical reasons, the estimated huge reduction in smoking among Hispanic-Americans was subject to greater error than the figures for Caucasian-Americans or African-Americans. The study was based on national cigarette price and sales figures and a National

Health Interview Survey of 355,246 people, almost one-third of them smokers, conducted between 1976 and 1993.

Younger Hispanic-Americans may be more likely to quit

"We really don't think a 50 percent price increase would eliminate smoking in Hispanic-Americans. It might virtually eliminate it in some younger Hispanic-Americans," said Terry Pechacek, a visiting scientist at the Office on Smoking and Health. The CDC said younger smokers would be more likely than older smokers to quit or reduce the amount they smoked because of price increases. The study predicted a 50 percent price increase would cause consumption to decline 29 percent among those aged 18 to 24. Researchers said price increases would also lead to declines in smoking among African-Americans and Hispanic-Americans above age 25. "The tobacco industry has been trying to scare the public, saying that a price increase would be unfair and hit minorities the hardest. In fact, it will actually have the greatest benefit from a public health standpoint in minority communities, particularly in the Hispanic community," Eriksen said.

'Price is only one weapon'

Smokers whose family incomes were at or below average were more than five times as likely as higher-income persons to quit smoking because of price hikes.

Researchers said that even after controlling for income and other factors, Hispanic-American and African-American smokers were more likely than Caucasian-American smokers to quit because of price increases. The study said a 10 percent price increase would prompt one-fourth of Hispanic smokers aged 18 to 24 to quit and reduce consumption among African-Americans aged 18 to 24 by 10 percent. Smoking would be expected to drop less than 1 percent among young Caucasian-Americans, the CDC said. Eriksen said the relative lack of price sensitivity among Caucasian-Americans indicated that "price is only one weapon to reduce smoking." "You need to combine price increases with regulations, with education and prevention programs, and cessation. Anyone element alone will fall short in achieving the type of change that's possible," he said.

a. According to the Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) Study discussed in the CNN article above, what is the overall price elasticity of cigarettes? Based on the estimated elasticity value, is the demand for cigarettes elastic or inelastic? Does this accord with your expectations? Explain why.

b. What are the CDC estimates of price elasticity for Caucasian-Americans, African-Americans, and Hispanic-Americans?

c. Age seems to be a relevant factor for responsiveness to cigarette price increases. What is the estimated price elasticity for young people (aged 18 to 24)? Is this higher or lower than the overall price elasticity calculated in (part a) above? Does this accord with your expectations? Why or why not?

d. The CDC study also presents information for estimates of price elasticity for young Hispanic-Americans, young African-Americans, and young Caucasian-Americans. Calculate the elasticities for each of these three groups, and comment on whether they are elastic or inelastic.

e. Which of the factors that determine elasticity can be identified in the CDC study as being influential in causing differences in the observed elasticity across ethnic groups and age of consumers?

f. The government has taxed the cigarette industry quite extensively over the past decades. According to your analysis thus far, why would the government be so inclined to tax tobacco?

What is the best way to prevent and reduce smoking? Briefly discuss.

Please read the article below to have a general idea about the topic.

Case Study: Deterring Young Smokers

As the U.S. Surgeon General warns on each pack of cigarettes, smoking can be hazardous to your health. Researchers estimate that smoking kills 440,000 Americans a year, 10 times the fatalities from traffic accidents. Smoking is the overwhelming cause of lung cancer, which is the top cancer killer among women. Four of five people with lung cancer die within three years. Smoking is also the leading cause of heart disease, emphysema, and stroke.

Thus, smoking imposes major health and economic costs. Policymakers try to reduce these costs by discouraging smoking, especially among young people. About one in four U.S. high school students were smokers in 2005, the same rate as in 2003. Each day, about 3,000 U.S. teens under 18 become regular smokers. Worldwide, an estimated 100,000 teens become regular smokers each day.

One way to reduce youth smoking is to prohibit the sale of cigarettes to minors. A second way is to raise the price through higher cigarette taxes. The amount by which a given price hike reduces teen smoking depends on the price elasticity of demand. This elasticity is higher for teens than for adults. Why are teenagers more sensitive to price changes than adults?

First, recall that one factor affecting elasticity is the importance of the item in the consumer's budget. Because teen income is relatively low, the share spent on cigarettes usually exceeds the share spent by adult smokers.

Second, peer pressure shapes a young person's decision to smoke more than an adult's decision to continue smoking (if anything, adults face negative peer pressure for smoking). Thus, the effect of a higher price gets magnified among young smokers because that higher price also reduces smoking by peers. With fewer peers smoking, teens face less pressure to smoke.

And, third, young people not yet addicted to nicotine are more sensitive to price increases than are adult smokers, who are more likely to be already hooked.

The experience from other countries supports the effectiveness of higher cigarette taxes in reducing teen smoking. For example, a large tax increase on cigarettes in Canada cut youth smoking by two-thirds. Another way to reduce smoking is to change consumer tastes through health warnings on packages. In Canada, these warnings include photos showing how smoking can affect the brain, teeth, and gums, and a wilted cigarette depicts male impotence.

In Australia, labels show gangrenous limbs, underweight babies, cancerous mouths, and blind eyes. Belgium adds corpses to the picture.

In California, a combination of higher cigarette taxes and an ambitious awareness program contributed to a 5 percent decline in lung cancer among women, even as it rose 13 percent in the rest of the country. (As of 2007, state taxes varied from a low of 7 cents per pack in South Carolina to a high of $2.58 in New Jersey.)

More generally, the message about the dangers of smoking along with the higher cost of cigarettes has had an effect over time. Only about 20 percent of American adults now smoke, down from more than half in the 1960s.

According to the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, each pack of cigarettes sold in the United States costs society $7.18 in higher health care costs and in lost worker productivity. The added cost exceeds $150 billion a year, which works out to be about $3,400 per smoker per year.

SOURCES

Hutchinson, œSmoke Signals: Adolescent Smoking and School Continuation, NBER Working Paper 12462, (August 2006); and Hana Ross and Frank Chaloupka, œThe Effects of Public Policies and Prices on Youth Smoking, : John Tauras, œAn Empirical Analysis of Adult Cigarette Demand, Eastern Economic Journal, Vol. 31, No. 3 (Summer 2005): pp. 361“375

Suppose there is a bill to increase the tax on cigarettes by $1 per pack coupled with an income tax cut of $500. Suppose a person smokes an average of 500 packs of cigarettes per year—and would thus face a tax increase of about $500 per year from the cigarette tax at the person’s current level of consumption. The income tax measure would increase the person’s after-tax income by $500. Would the combined measures be likely to have any effect on the person’s consumption of cigarettes? Why or why not?

Suppose that the pre-tax price of cigarettes is $3.00 per pack and the post-tax price of cigarettes is $4.00 per pack. The tax is $1.50 per pack and is paid by the retailers of cigarettes to the government. Six hundred packs were sold prior to the tax increase and 500 packs were sold after the tax. What is the consumer tax burden?

According to one study, the price elasticity of demand for cigarettes is -0.20. To decrease the consumption of cigarettes by 5 percent, a tax on cigarettes must raise the price of cigarettes by

A. 10 percent. B. 25 percent. C. 50 percent. D. 100 percent. E. 1 percent

Subject- public speaking

It's critical to keep in mind the time limits of the assignment as you brainstorm topics for your problem-solution speech. You must choose a problem and solution that you can explain in just four to six minutes.

Also, keep your audience in mind. You will present your speech to a group in your community. What problems might interest them? Consider and respond to these prompts below:

• Think about your experiences in your community. What unmet needs do you notice? What minor or major inconveniences need attention? What interesting improvements or programs might your community benefit from? Make a list.

• For each problem on the list, brainstorm possible solutions.

• Choose the three problem-solution ideas that strike you as most interesting and promising.

Suppose there is a bill to increase the tax on cigarettes by $1 per pack coupled with an income tax cut of $500. Suppose a person smokes an average of 500 packs of cigarettes per year—and would thus face a tax increase of about $500 per year from the cigarette tax at the person’s current level of consumption. The income tax measure would increase the person’s after-tax income by $500.

Would the combined measures be likely to have any effect on the person’s consumption of cigarettes? Why or why not?

Be specific and extended: What choices do you intend to make to get ready for your final online presentation, How specifically will you carry out these measures to assure your readiness?

Name the structures and organelles which are common in plant cell, animal cell, and prokaryotic cell.

You have decided to start a savings account because you would like to go on holiday with a friend 
and you need to keep track of your deposits, interest paid, balance and tax liabilities. Your goal is 
to save for three months.
You have spent some time comparing various savings options to get the most growth out of your 
savings. That means the higher the interest rate, the more your money will increase. The savings 
account you have chosen offers the best interest rates which are based on a sliding scale on the 
balance of your account. 
Definition: A sliding scale is a system in which the interest rate which is paid changes because of 
other conditions. For example: 
• The more money you earn, the more tax you must pay; 
• The more money you invest in savings, the higher interest rate you will receive.
VALUE OF SAVINGS ACCOUNT BALANCE INTEREST RATE 
(per month)
Less than R2 000 2%
Greater than or equal to R2 000 but less 
than R5 000
4%
Greater than or equal to R5 000 6%
The South African Revenue Services (SARS) will deduct 25% tax of the interest paid into your 
account each month (from the profit you make every month), i.e., the interest paid to you by the 
bank.
Write the pseudocode for the following scenario. 
The input into the program will be:
• Account number (numeric)
• Amount of the deposit (numeric)
• Month (numeric)
22; 23 2023
© The Independent Institute of Education (Pty) Ltd 2023
Page 4 of 7
The program must do the following:
• Ask the user to enter the account number twice and compare the two account numbers to 
each other in order to verify that the correct account is being accessed. This is to ensure 
you will make your deposit into the correct account. If the two account numbers entered 
do not match, then display an appropriate message and ask the user to re-enter the two 
account numbers again. 
• The minimum monthly deposit is R500. Check that the deposited amount is R500 or more. 
If it is less than R500, then the program must prompt you to re-enter an amount to deposit 
until you specify an amount of R500 or more.
• Use a case structure to convert the numeric month to a string month name. 
o E.g., 1 will be January and 2 will be February, etc. 
• Check the account balance against the range of values to determine the interest rate (from 
the table above).
• Calculate the interest payable and add the interest payable to your account balance.
• Calculate the tax due to SARS (25%) and deduct this from your account balance. 
• Print out a balance statement each time you make a deposit so you can keep track of your 
account balance. The balance statement must include the following information: 
o Opening Balance; 
o Deposit; 
o Interest Earned; 
o Tax due to SARS;
o Closing Balance