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Arshad AnsariAligarh Muslim University - AMU

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Communications2Calculus1Biology19Mathematics1Physics1
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1. Physiological systems of animals operate in a____________________________environment
2. Relative concentrations of _________________ and_________________ must be maintained withinfairly___________________ limits.
3. ________________________ regulates soluble concentrations andbalances the gain and loss of water
4. Freshwater animals show adaptations that reduce water uptake andconserve solutes
5. ______________________is the process that the animal uses to getrid of nitrogenous metabolites and other waste products
6. Osmoregulation is based largely on controlled movement ofsolutes between internal fluids and the external environment. Cellsrequire a balance between uptake and loss of water.
7. _____________________ is the solute concentration of a solution(body fluid) and determines the movement of water across aselectively permeable membrane. H20 will move from an area of lowerosmolarity to higher.
8. Solutions are said to be _____________________ when the movementof water is equal in both directions.
9. If 2 solutions differ in Osmolarity, the net flow of water willbe from the ____________________ to the _________________________solution.
10. _________________________ consist of some marine animals, are_______________________ with their surroundings and do not regulatetheir osmolarity
11. _________________________ expend energy to control eater uptakeand loss depending on whether their environment is hyperosmotic orhypoosmotic
12. ________________________Most animals are ____________________and cannot tolerate substantial changes in externalosmolarity.
13. Euryhaline animals can survive _________________fluctuations inexternal osmolarity
14. Marine bony fishes are __________________ to seawater, they______________water by _______________ and_ _______________saltby_________________. They balance water loss by __________________seawater and ________________ salts
15. Freshwater animals constantly take in ________________ byosmosis form their __________________environment. They______________salt by _____________________ and maintain waterbalance by excreting large amounts of ____________________urine,conversely, urine from marine animals will contain large amounts of_______________ and be very concentrated.
16. Land animals have adaptations to reduce water loss and are akey factor in survival on land. ______________________,______________________, _______________________ are 3 ways landanimals regulate water loss and prevent dehydration.
17. The type and quantity of an animal

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17) Which of the following occurs during endochondral ossification?

A) Osteoblasts differentiate within a mesenchymal or fibrous connective tissue.

B) Osteoblasts secrete the organic component of the matrix.

C) Blood vessels enter the spaces between bone spicules to supply the growing tissues.

D) The bone grows in length and in diameter.

E) None of the answers are correct.

18) During endochondral bone formation, ________.

A) the matrix of the cartilage model becomes calcified

B) cells of the perichondrium differentiate into osteoblasts

C) capillaries and osteoblasts migrate into the heart of the cartilage

D) osteoclasts erode the center of the new bone to form a marrow cavity

E) All of the answers are correct.

19) A long bone increases in length until ________.

A) appositional growth starts

B) the body runs out of calcium

C) epiphyseal closure occurs

D) expansion of the secondary ossification centers ends

E) death; bones grow as long as we are alive

20) What is the fate of the chondrocytes that are present where bone is forming?

A) They move to a different region where bone has not yet formed.

B) They die and disintegrate, leaving cavities within the cartilage.

C) They remain within the bone matrix.

D) They line the central canals of the growing bone.

E) None of the answers are correct.

21) Bones have a vascular supply that is ________.

A) very extensive, including many arteries and veins branching throughout the bone

B) very poor; bones are not living, so blood is not needed

C) supplied simply by one artery

D) poor, therefore healing is very limited

E) None of the answers are correct.

22) Which of the following describes how bones are innervated?

A) Bones are not innervated.

B) Only the periosteum is innervated.

C) The periosteum and endosteum are innervated by motor nerves.

D) Only the endosteum, marrow cavity, and epiphyses are innervated.

E) The periosteum, endosteum, medullary cavity, and epiphyses are innervated by sensory nerves.

23) What is the mechanism of marrow cavity enlargement in a long bone?

A) There is no mechanism; once formed, the marrow cavity does not change in size.

B) As bone matrix is added to the external surface, osteoclasts remove matrix in the center of the bone to enlarge the cavity.

C) Blood vessels entering the marrow cavity enlarge it by eroding away the inner surface of the bone.

D) The bone marrow cavity only increases in length, as the epiphyseal plates move apart.

E) None of the answers are correct.

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