prithivira85

prithivira85

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Prithvi Raj

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Architecture1English1Anthropology1Business8Geometry1Computer Science1Biology24Physics1Economics9Chemistry7

35.

Steve went to his favorite hamburger restaurant with $3, expecting to buy a $2 hamburger and a $1 soda. When he arrived he discovered that hamburgers were on sale for $1 each, so Steve bought two hamburgers and a soda. Steve's response to the decrease in the price of hamburgers is best explained by:

A.

the substitution effect.

B.

the income effect.

C.

the price effect.

D.

a rightward shift in the demand curve for hamburgers.

36.

A recent study found that an increase in the federal tax on beer (and thus an increase in the price of beer) would reduce the demand for marijuana. We can conclude that:

A.

beer and marijuana are substitute goods.

B.

beer and marijuana are complementary goods.

C.

beer is an inferior good.

D.

marijuana is an inferior good.

37.

Which of the following would not shift the demand curve for beef?

A.

A widely publicized study that indicates beef consumption increases one's cholesterol.

B.

A reduction in the price of cattle feed.

C.

An effective advertising campaign by pork producers.

D.

A change in the incomes of beef consumers.

38.

In 2007, the price of oil increased, which in turn caused the price of natural gas to rise. This can best be explained by saying that oil and natural gas are:

A.

complementary goods and the higher price for oil increased the demand for natural gas.

B.

substitute goods and the higher price for oil increased the demand for natural gas.

C.

complementary goods and the higher price for oil decreased the supply of natural gas.

D.

substitute goods and the higher price for oil decreased the supply of natural gas.

39.

An economist for a bicycle company predicts that, other things equal, a rise in consumer incomes will increase the demand for bicycles. This prediction assumes that:

A.

there are many goods that are substitutes for bicycles.

B.

there are many goods that are complementary to bicycles.

C.

there are few goods that are substitutes for bicycles.

D.

bicycles are normal goods.

Answer: B. The income effect. Steve's response to the decrease in the price of...
Answer: Yes, cirrhosis of the liver can be a cause of upper digestive bleeding...

According to the patient's previous medical history, it is possible that he has cirrhosis of the liver? Why? Can cirrhosis of the liver be a cause of upper digestive bleeding? What is the prognosis? Explain.

Personal Information

Name: Mr. Christopher Franklin

Age: 60 years old

Gender: Male

Description

Mr. Franklin is a 60-year-old patient with a history of a thrombotic cerebrovascular accident two years ago. After the stroke, he started with seizure attacks. He has been suffering from hypertension for the last ten years and ulcerative colitis since last year. He currently takes lisinopril, hydrochlorothiazide, aspirin, carbamazepine, and a low dose of prednisone.

Mr. Franklin has been suffering from epigastric pain, the sensation of fullness, and occasional nausea for the last six months. This time, he was brought to the ER because, while he was talking to his son, he had a dizzy spell and fell to the floor. He is conscious and is complaining of severe epigastric pain. He began with mild abdominal pain two days after he started taking a new cycle of prednisone for his colitis, around seven days ago. The pain increases when he eats or drinks something. He is also complaining of suffering from pyrosis, malaise, and dizziness, and he has noticed that his feces are dark.

The patient was a heavy alcohol drinker until he had the stroke. He is a cigarette smoker since he was 20 years old. His mother suffered from Alzheimer’s disease and died of colon cancer, and his father died of cirrhosis of the liver.

On physical examination we found:

Remarkable Signs on Physical by Regions

Abdomen: Pain on palpation on epigastric region

SOMA: Right hemiplegia and hyperreflexia

Remarkable Signs on Physical by Systems

Integumentary system: Pallor, diaphoresis, coldness

Cardiovascular system: Tachycardia. Blood pressure 70/50 mmHg. Radial pulse 110.

Digestive system: Tenderness of epigastric region. A rectal exam showed melena.

Neurologic system: The patient is conscious and well oriented to time, place, and person. Right hemiplegia and hyperreflexia.

Lab Tests

Complete blood count (CBC)

Metabolic panel

Lipid panel

Abdominal CT scan

Esophagogastroduodenoscopy

Main Diagnosis

Upper digestive bleeding due to drug-induced gastritis

Hypovolemic shock

Acute anemia

Other Diagnoses

Stabilized thrombotic cerebrovascular accident

Epilepsy

Essential hypertension

Ulcerative colitis

Answer: Based on the provided information, it is possible that Mr. Christopher...

I Gastroenterology Consultation Report

Handout Instructions: Below is an item from a patient’s medial record. Read it carefully, make sure you understand all the medical terms used, and then answer the questions that follow. Please follow the instructions given on the email to submit assignment.

Gastroenterology Consultation Report

Reason for Consultation: Evaluation of recurrent epigastric and LUQ pain with anemia.

History of Present Illness: Patient is a 56-year-old male. He reports a long history of mild dyspepsia characterized by burning epigastric pain, especially when his stomach is empty. Over-the-counter antacids have relieved this pain. Approximately two weeks ago, the pain became significantly worse; he is also nauseated and has vomited several times.

Past Medical History: Patient’s history is not significant for other digestive system disorders. He had a tonsillectomy at age 8. He sustained a compound fracture of the left ankle in a bicycle accident at age 11 that required surgical fixation. More recently he has been diagnosed with an enlarged prostate gland, and surgery has been recommended. However, he would like to resolve this epigastric pain before going forward with the TUR.

Results of Physical Exam: CBC indicates anemia, and a fecal occult blood test is positive for blood in the feces. A blood test for Helicobacter pylori is positive. Erosion in the gastric lining was visualized on an upper GI. Follow-up gastroscopy found evidence of mild reflux esophagitis and an ulcerated lesion in the lining of the pyloric section of the stomach. This ulcer is 1.5 cm in diameter and deep. There is evidence of active bleeding from the ulcer. Multiple biopsies were taken, and they were negative for gastric cancer. IV Tagamet relieved the painful symptoms in two days.

Assessment: Peptic ulcer. Gastric cancer has been ruled out in light of the negative biopsies.

Recommendations: A gastrectomy to remove the ulcerated portion of stomach is indicated because the ulcer is already bleeding. Patient should continue on Tagamet to reduce stomach acid. Two medications will be added: Keflex to treat the bacterial infection and iron pills to reverse the anemia. Patient was instructed to eat frequent small meals and avoid alcohol and irritating foods.

This patient reports LUQ pain. What does LUQ stand for and what organs do you find there?

This patient had two diagnostic tests that indicated he was losing blood. Name these two tests (no abbreviations).

This patient had a procedure to visually examine the ulcer. Name the procedure done.

Name the serious pathological condition that was ruled out.

Answer: Step-by-step explanation: LUQ stands for Left Upper Quadrant. Organs f...

I Gastroenterology Consultation Report

Handout Instructions: Below is an item from a patient’s medial record. Read it carefully, make sure you understand all the medical terms used, and then answer the questions that follow. Please follow the instructions given on the email to submit assignment.

Gastroenterology Consultation Report

Reason for Consultation: Evaluation of recurrent epigastric and LUQ pain with anemia.

History of Present Illness: Patient is a 56-year-old male. He reports a long history of mild dyspepsia characterized by burning epigastric pain, especially when his stomach is empty. Over-the-counter antacids have relieved this pain. Approximately two weeks ago, the pain became significantly worse; he is also nauseated and has vomited several times.

Past Medical History: Patient’s history is not significant for other digestive system disorders. He had a tonsillectomy at age 8. He sustained a compound fracture of the left ankle in a bicycle accident at age 11 that required surgical fixation. More recently he has been diagnosed with an enlarged prostate gland, and surgery has been recommended. However, he would like to resolve this epigastric pain before going forward with the TUR.

Results of Physical Exam: CBC indicates anemia, and a fecal occult blood test is positive for blood in the feces. A blood test for Helicobacter pylori is positive. Erosion in the gastric lining was visualized on an upper GI. Follow-up gastroscopy found evidence of mild reflux esophagitis and an ulcerated lesion in the lining of the pyloric section of the stomach. This ulcer is 1.5 cm in diameter and deep. There is evidence of active bleeding from the ulcer. Multiple biopsies were taken, and they were negative for gastric cancer. IV Tagamet relieved the painful symptoms in two days.

Assessment: Peptic ulcer. Gastric cancer has been ruled out in light of the negative biopsies.

Recommendations: A gastrectomy to remove the ulcerated portion of stomach is indicated because the ulcer is already bleeding. Patient should continue on Tagamet to reduce stomach acid. Two medications will be added: Keflex to treat the bacterial infection and iron pills to reverse the anemia. Patient was instructed to eat frequent small meals and avoid alcohol and irritating foods.

This patient reports LUQ pain. What does LUQ stand for and what organs do you find there?

This patient had two diagnostic tests that indicated he was losing blood. Name these two tests (no abbreviations).

This patient had a procedure to visually examine the ulcer. Name the procedure done.

Name the serious pathological condition that was ruled out.

Answer: LUQ stands for Left Upper Quadrant. Organs found in the LUQ include th...

Extra Credit: Digestive Disorders---Case Studies

Extra Credit: Digestive System Disorders

Case study 1: Arlo has avoided spicy foods for several years. He claims that they make his stomach hurt. However, his wife finally persuades him to go see a doctor as the pain is more frequent, and over-the-counter treatments (like antacids) only work short term. A blood test reveals that Arlo has a bacterial infection—from a bacterium called H. pylori---a common cause of this condition. Arlo is treated with antibiotics, PPIs (proton pump inhibitors to reduce stomach acid), and histamine blockers. He takes the medications for two full weeks, and does feel much better.

  • What is Arlo’s condition? Why is he given three medications during the treatment?

Case study 2: Maryanne has a condition that causes her frequent discomfort and symptoms. However, her condition is not a disease, but a group of symptoms reflecting both physical and emotional causes expressed by GI tract functions. This condition can take several forms, but Maryanne has the type called “mixed”, where she has constipation at least 25% of the time, and diarrhea at least 25% of the time. She experiences periods of feeling bloated, that she isn’t always completely able to pass a stool. Sometimes she will produce mucous secretions passed with stool, (the mucus is produced by the bowel to protect itself against inflammation). There is no one unifying explanation for the causes of Maryanne’s condition—for years sufferers were told it was all “in their head” and that they were making up symptoms. It is now thought that in addition to anxiety or stress responses, gut motility may be abnormal in people with this condition, and that there may be poor communication between the brain and the gut. Maryanne’s symptoms worsen during her menstrual periods, and it is thought that reproductive hormones do play a role in this condition for women who are not yet menopausal. Symptoms improve after menopause, typically. Maryanne is told to keep a food diary to see if any foods worsen her symptoms, to increase her intake of dietary fiber (which can help relieve constipation and provide healthy bulk to her stools), to reduce alcohol and caffeine sources, and has antidiarrheal medications she can use. She is also put on an antidepressant to see if this will help improve her symptoms.

  • What is Maryanne’s condition? People with her condition also often have other GI diseases such as GERD. What is GERD? Why is it important to treat GERD, and not just use over-the-counter medications?

Case study 3: Beth was diagnosed with this condition when she delivered her first baby (she had a very difficult time getting pregnant). It is a genetic illness, and does run in Beth’s family. ( One in 133 people have this illness in the U.S., but it is a common genetic condition found around the world.) Digestive symptoms may have been present when Beth was younger (she remembers a lot of stomach aches and abdominal pain as a child), but now her issues are persistent iron-deficiency anemia that can be treated but recurs. She also has joint pains, recently diagnosed as arthritis. Beth is breast-feeding her infant and hopes to do so for at least a full year, as breast feeding seems to reduce risks for this condition in children. Although the baby has no symptoms, Beth is introducing only wheat-free foods, and is careful to read all food labels---she does this for herself, too, as she tries to avoid a protein found in wheat. The less of this protein she eats, the better for her. Other potential risks for Beth are osteoporosis, and even risks for thyroid or liver disease.

  • What is Beth’s condition? What treatments can be of benefit to Beth? Why is dietary treatment often difficult with this condition?
Answer: Case study 1: Arlo's condition is gastric ulcer or peptic ulcer diseas...
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Answer: In the presence of lactose, an E. coli possessing the lac Operon/plasm...

A voltaic cell similar to that shown in the figure above is constructed. The electronic device shown at the top of the figure is a volt meter. One electrode compartment consists of a aluminum strip placed in a 1.0 M Al(NO3)3 solution, and the other has a nickel strip placed in a 1.0 M NiSO4 solution. The overall cell reaction is:2 Al(s) + 3 Ni2+(aq) 2 Al3+(aq) + 3 Ni(s)(a) Fill in the information necessary to complete the half reactions that occur in the two electrode compartments. Use the lowest-possible whole-number coefficients. To input an ion surround the ion's element symbol with square brackets and put the ion's charge to the right like this: Al3+ = [Al]3+ (not [Al]+3), and Li+ = [Li]+ (not [Li]1+ or [Li]+1). Do not use brackets for neutral species.Anode half reaction: (s) (aq) + e-Cathode half reaction: (aq) + e- (s)(b) Figure out which electrode is the anode, which is the cathode, the signs on these electrodes, the direction in which the electrons flow through the volt meter, and the direction in which cations and anions migrate through the salt bridge and solutions. Use this work to pick all of the statements from below which are true. The nickel electrode is positive and the aluminum electrode is negative.The nickel electrode is the anode and the aluminum electrode is the cathode.The aluminum electrode is positive and the nickel electrode is negative.Electrons flow from the nickel electrode to the aluminum electrode through the volt meter.Anions migrate from the 1.0 M Al(NO3)3 solution through the salt bridge to the 1.0 M NiSO4 solution.Electrons flow from the aluminum electrode to the nickel electrode through the volt meter.Cations migrate from the 1.0 M NiSO4 solution through the salt bridge to the 1.0 M Al(NO3)3 solution.The aluminum electrode is the anode and the nickel electrode is the cathode.Cations migrate from the 1.0 M Al(NO3)3 solution through the salt bridge to the 1.0 M NiSO4 solution.Anions migrate from the 1.0 M NiSO4 solution through the salt bridge to the 1.0 M Al(NO3)3 solution.

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