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hph580002p

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Central University of Andhra Pradesh - CUAP

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Question: lemon juice and vinegar antimicrobial experiment

General Guidelines

The goal for this project is to design a well thought-out laboratory experiment that your team could carry out in a lab or even at home. Your team will develop the hypothesis, the method (design) for the experiment; a plan on how to collect the data, possible outcomes, and conclusions. In short, the team will develop everything that needed for an experiment without actually testing it.

Please take a very close look at the rubric at the end of this document. It will help you to understand how you will be graded and expectations for in this assignment.


Since this is likely to be one of your first experiences in designing experiments that are not simply "cook-book" exercises, I have compiled a list of suggestions and guidelines that should help you to carry out this project successfully. Please read the following guidelines carefully, and spend some time planning your experiment accordingly.

The more focused your investigation is, the more likely you are to be successful in devising clear-cut experiments. For example, if you focus your experiments on answering the question "Do bacteria survive longer on cutting boards made of wood as opposed to plastic?", you should be able to devise simple experiments that can clearly answer this question "yes" or "no". On the other hand, if you focus on a more general question such as "How do bacteria survive?", you will have a more difficult time deciding what experiments to do and how to carry them out.

Ideas for Research Projects


The following list is deliberately vague. I have suggested a number of possible projects, each of which can be varied considerably depending on your interests and ideas. This is by no means a definitive list; you may have other ideas for projects that do not appear here.

Quantitative Experiments. How many bacteria are in ________ (a kitchen sponge? a thoroughly washed hand? road sand? a gram of ground beef? etc.) This is one of the most straightforward, and yet surprisingly interesting, of experimental questions in microbiology. The basic procedures are simple: dilution series and viable count assays. One can modify these assays to even simpler, "semi-quantitative" assays for an initial screening.

Here are some possible applications:

* comparing the number of bacteria in a variety of water samples. This can be extended by looking for the presence of indicator organisms for fecal contamination: E. coli and Enterococcus faecalis .

* comparing the number of bacteria in eggs, meat, poultry, fish, or other foods. Samples are first weighed, then mixed with sufficient water to produce 1% solutions (1 gm/100 ml), and mixed thoroughly in a blender. Dilutions are assayed for total count. It is also possible to screen for the presence of certain pathogens (e.g. Salmonella) or fecal indicator organisms.

* comparing the survival of a pathogenic indicator organism (such as E. coli, an enteric bacterium that has similar survival abilities to pathogenic enterics such as Salmonella) on wood vs. plastic cutting boards. The FDA requires plastic cutting boards in food preparation, arguing that they are easier to clean. However, recent reports suggest that bacteria disappear from wood surfaces much faster.

* examining "microbiology in the home". Where are bacteria found in greatest abundance? How contaminated is a sponge that is used several times a day to clean food preparation surfaces?

* examining the variation of numbers of bacteria in different habitats. You can investigate the distribution of S. aureus on different parts of the same person.


* examining variation over time. For example, we know that bacterial numbers on hands goes down after hand washing. But how soon does it come back up, and to what extent? A careful study, in which the same skin area was swabbed at different times and then assayed for total count, might be very revealing.

¶ Write a typed, well-constructed (complete sentences, proper grammar / spelling) lab report of your experiment.

Creativity is encouraged.

¶ Include a reference section (as an additional page) with at least 4 citations including at least one published (journal or textbook) reference.

Use resources such as microbiology text books, encyclopedias, HCC Library databases (e.g. Pro Quest Biology, Pro Quest Nursing), journals, and online medical sites to research these questions. Indicate the source of information either in ACS or MLA format. Do not forget to include in-text citations every time you borrow someone’s idea, even if you paraphrased it. Be sure to include the publication date.

Comment on the reliability of the source (why you think this source is reliable … “because it is on the internet” is NOT a good answer) under each reference.

All references must be cited, and direct quotes from the references must be indicated as such, using quotation marks. However, in science writing, direct quotes are seldom used. Instead, paraphrase the information in the reference, and supply the citation.

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How hacker hack password 

WSCube Tech has brought video for you on wifi password cracking and securing its password. Ashish Kumar explains how to crack and secure the passwords of our networks. He explains how the entire setup logically that how we are going to hack the wifi or how it is working. With the help of Cap Extension which is for capturing files, all the data in the handshake file will be saved in our system. And anyone can crack this. Cap file from any place. The password is there in this file and you just have to crack it. Apart from this, there are many other techniques. If we press enter then our wireless device is down now. We have to convert its mode to monitor mode. We will make wlan0 up again. And the opposite of down is up, which means that we are starting wireless device. I think that now, everything will be perfect. We'll select any 1 interface or essid or hotspot and we will perform wifi cracking method on that.

We have the mac address or bssid of the wscube tech hotspot. And we can see in ch that its working on channel number 11. Here only, I will try to do proper sniffing or intercept the proper data. And I will also see how I can capture handshake file in sniffing. We can get handshake file in only 2 cases. When a new user is connecting or if we disconnect any old user for some time and for sure, that user will automatically send the handshake file to get connected. And whenever we go to that wifi range again, automatically that password goes to get applied in the wifi and we get auto connected. This function of autoconnection which will become a vulnerability here. The option is "a" in which I am telling the mac address of our main wifi or hotspot, i.e. tech. It means that in this, we tell whom to disconnect from which user. The main user which is the hotspot of ws cube tech, I will give its mac address in "a" option. And after that, we have told the name of the interface through which we have to do the activity. So, we will remove this from here. And now we want the mac. address of the client that we have to disconnect so that it should send the handshake file again to get connected.In this video, the instructor explains how to crack a password using aircrackng. He starts by discussing a common passwords list, which many places will accept as authentication. If the password doesn't work, he explains how to make a better list. He then goes on to talk about how aircrack-ng works and how fast it is. The instructor finishes the video by saying that he hopes everyone enjoyed it and that they will come back for the next one. 

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1. (Curls) The curl of a vector field F = hP, Q, Ri is ? × F = i j k ?/?x ?/?y ?/?z P Q R = ?/?y ?/?z Q R i ? ?/?x ?/?z P R j + ?/?x ?/?y P Q k = ?R ?y ? ?Q ?z , ?P ?z ? ?R ?x , ?Q ?x ? ?P ?y . Suppose F = ?f, for a differentiable function of three variables whose first and second partials are all differentiable (everywhere). Show that ? × ?f = 0. Conclude that if F = hP, Q, Ri is conservative, then ? × F = 0.

2. (Details Matter) Let F = h?y, xi/(x 2 + y 2 ). Here we will show that F is not path independent, but it pass the conservative test. (a) What is the domain of F?

(b) Show that ?P ?y = ?Q ?x .

(c) Let C be the unit circle centered at the origin, oriented counter clockwise. Show that Z C F · dr 6= 0.

(d) Why does this not contradict what we discussed?

3. (Green’s Theorem) The divergence of a vector field F = hP, Q, Ri is ? · F = ? ?x, ? ?y , ? ?z · hP, Q, Ri = ?P ?x + ?Q ?y + ?R ?z . In class, we discussed Green’s Theorem which, under certain hypotheses, the formulas hold Z C F · T ds = Z Z R (? × F) · k dA Z C F · n ds = Z Z R ? · F dA, where T is the unit tangent vector and n is the outward pointing normal. Use the fact that Z C F · T ds = Z C P dx + Qdy Z C F · n ds = Z C P dy ? Qdx to solve the following line integrals in two different ways (as in interpretting it as work and flux separately).

(a) Z C (x 2 + 4y)dx + (x + y 2 )dy, where C is the square bounded by x = 0, x = 1, y = 0, and y = 1 (CounterClockWise).

(b) Z C (6x + y)dx + (y + 2x)dy, where C is the circle (x ? 2)2 + (y ? 3)2 = 4 (CCW). [Hint: You can avoid setting up bounds for the double integral in (b) by using geometry.]

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Capital budgeting involves choosing projects that add value to the firm. The net present value (NPV), internal rate of return (IRR) and payback period methods are the most common approaches to project selection. At its core, capital budgeting is measuring an accounting of costs versus benefits. In a way, all business decisions are a series of capital budgeting decisions. Get it wrong, and you can destroy a company.

The capital budgeting tools help financial managers decide on the desirability of the projects. In the real world, however, managers sometimes will make decisions that don't necessarily agree with the decision rules of the payback period, NPV or IRR methods.

For example, consider the two mutually exclusive projects below.

Investments

Cost

Cash Flow 1

Cash Flow 2

Project A

$ 50

$ -

$ 100

Project B

$ 50

$ 50

$ 25

According to the payback period, project B should be selected. Although both projects cost the same, project B has a payback period of one period, while project A will payback in roughly 1.5 periods.

Assuming the discount rate of 5%, NPV(A) = $41 and NPV(B) = $20.

This example illustrates the limitations of the payback period method. Even though the payback period method points to project B, the NPV method points to project A since it has more than twice the NPV value to that of project B. Yet the manager may choose project A. Why?

It may be that the project stakeholder is requesting a quicker return in cash.

For this discussion, create an example problem where two (or more) methods contradict each other. What would be the "appropriate" choice (which project would you choose)? In what cases would you not choose the "best" choice?

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