A case-control and a prospective cohort study were conducted to assess the association between exposure X and disease Y. The results of the case-control study suggested that the odds of exposure X were 2.05 times higher among those who had disease Y compared to those who did not (Odds Ratio = 2.05, 95% confidence interval 1.50, 3.13).
However, the results of the prospective cohort study suggested that the risk of outcome Y was only 3% higher and not statistically significant among those who were exposed to X compared to those who were not (Risk Ratio = 1.03, 95% confidence interval 0.97, 1.86). Assuming the results from the prospective cohort study are reflective of the true association, which of the following responses would most likely explain the differing results? (Choose the one best answer)
A) Recall bias within the case-control study
B) Recall bias within the prospective cohort study
C) Berkson's bias (i.e. Diagnostic Bias) within the case-control study
D) Placebo effect within the case-control study