CHEM 111 Lecture Notes - Lecture 27: Orbital Hybridisation, Chemical Polarity, Benzene

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Molecules with sp hybridization: central atom linear electronic geometry (no lone pairs, both bonding): sp hybridization, compounds containing triple bonds ( 1sig + 2pi): sp hybridization. Outer c atoms sp2 hybridized, central c atom sp hybridized. Each hybrid orbital forms sigma bond to another atom. One remaining p-orbital on each outer c forms pi bond to central c pi orbital. Each c has one unhybridized p orbital: 3pi bonds. 3pi bonds not localized between two specific carbons. 6 unhybridized p-orbitals one delocalized pi bonding system. Two or more molecules with same chemical formula, different arrangement of atoms with different properties. Pi-bond cannot rotate freely: in order to rotate, bond must break reform which requires energy to restrict rotation. Cis isomerism: when the opposite bonded molecules mirror each other. Trans isomerism: when the alike molecules are on the opposite end of each other. Polar bond: atom with partial negative charge atom with partial positive charge.

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