BILD 3 Lecture Notes - Lecture 9: Bt Cotton, Phototaxis, Peptide
2018年4月5日 星期四
BILD3
Charles Darwin
-On The Origin of Species (theory of evolution by natural selection): 28 years of the
making
-Ideas in Origin of Species!
1. Descent with Modification: All organism evolved from common ancestor, but
became modified over time!
2. Adaption: Organisms lived in different habitats over millions of years, so they
accumulated modifications to better live in those environments !
3. Mechanism: natural selection!
4. Profoundly challenged prevailing world view
-The old world view!
1.All species created by God!
2. Species do not change because variations equal imperfections!
3. Species created independently!
4. Creation was recent: 6021 years old in 2017 (the Usher Chronology); earth is
actually 4.5 billon years old and life appeared 4.28~3.8 billion yeas ago
-Classification-Carl Linnaeus!
1. Classified organisms into nested hierarchical categories!
2. Developed binomial nomenclature!
3. Groupings because of divine plan, not because of relatedness!
4. Three Kingdoms: Animal, Vegetable, Mineral (not used today)!
5. Kingdom-Class-Order-Genus!
6. With extra classifications: Domain-Kingdom-Phylum-Class-Order-Family-Genus-
Species
-Paleontology (the study of fossils)-Georges Cuvier!
1. Studied fossils and rock layers!
2. Earth’s biota changed over time (the order of fossils)!
3. First to speculate on an age of reptiles before mammals (discovered a pterodactyl
and described the first mosasaur)!
4. Established fact of extinction (extinction happens quite often)!
5. Mechanism was catastrophism (the theory that changes in the earth's crust during
geological history have resulted chiefly from sudden violent and unusual events)
-Paleontology-Mary Anning!
1. Discovered the first plesiosaur and ichthyosaur fossils!
2. Contributed to Cuvier’s hypothesis that giant reptile-like creatures ruled Earth
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2018年4月5日 星期四
before mammals!
3. Mary Anning is the greatest fossils the world ever knew
-The Geologic Column: evidence of evolution and a clue to the history of life on Earth!
1. Laters of the Earth’s crust are grouped according to era and those leaders contain
fossils corresponding to their eras.!
2. Deeper layers have older fossils!
3. No fossils overlap among things that weren’t evolved yet
-Geology-James Hutton!
1. James Hutton is the father of modern geology!
2. Geologic observations: very slow geological processes observed in modern day
must have been operating in the past!
3. The earth must be much older than a few thousand years!
4. Gradualism (the hypothesis that evolution proceeds chiefly by the accumulation of
gradual changes) or Uniformitarianism (the theory that changes in the earth's crust
during geological history have resulted from the action of continuous and uniform
processes.)
-Geology-Charles Lyell!
1. Charles Lyell in the most famous geologist in time of Darwin!
2.Popularized Hutton’s idea of Gradualism and called it Uniformitarianism!
3. Lyell and Hutton’s ideas about changes in geologic formations occurring over long
time periods influenced Darwin’s thinking about gradual biological changes !
Ex: Folding of geologic strata (layers) can move fossils around
-Evolution-Jean Baptiste Lamarck!
1. Studied invertebrates (coined the term)!
2. Mechanism: inheritance of acquired characteristics (use/disuse)!
3. Different mechanism than that proposed by Darwin, but the result was the same:
adaptive change in lineages, ultimately driven by environmental change over long
periods of time.!
4. First idea of how species could change over time (evolution)
-Economics-Thomas Malthus!
1. Essay on the Principle of Population!
2. There is a struggle to survive (too many offspring leading to widespread famine)!
3. Idea of natural selection (Darwin recognized that favorable variations in traits in the
natural world would logically tend to be preserved and unfavorable ones destroyed in
the struggle to survive )
-Beagle sent out by England government: England needed good maps to assist them
engage in world
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2018年4月5日 星期四
-Six ports
-Cape Verde Islands: the old sea level must have been shift up by some kind of
geological incident. Darwin found a ring of white sedimentary rock containing marine
shells around Santiago about 15 meters above sea level.
-Brazil: great found of zoology, he collected the animals, investigate in their behavior,
documented the animals. Darwin had problem for slavery since Brazil got the most
slavery population of the world. Darwin’s first exposure to wet tropical environments
with their astounding diversity. Organisms here resembled species in temperate
portions of South America that Darwin later visited.
-Why would the huge degree of biodiversity Darwin observed in the Brazilian rainforest
the formation of his theory?!
1. Many species crammed together!
2. High levels of species diversity indicate that selection can lead to easy array of
organisms!
3.Tropical climate can support more species than temperate climate
-Punta Alta, Argentina: Discovered the bones of extinct giant mammals in the cliffs
(Recognized similarity to extant forms)
-Falkland Islands: the fox can swim but not very far, so they can not get out of the
islands. The island must has connected to mainland sometime in the past. Also found
lots of brachiopod marine fossils in the rocks. Darwin was excited to find clues to life in
the distant past
-Chile: seashells were found at the top of the mountain. Western size of South America
is slowly raising above sea level.!
1. Andes Mountains: Darwin found fossil marine shells in sedimentary rock at 12,000 ft !
2. Witnessed volcanic eruption and a massive earthquake that raised portions of the
coastal shelf by eight feet.!
3. Lyell - forces observable today can create what we see around us, given enough
time.
-Galapagos: the shape of the animal related to resources!
Ex: tortoises!
1. Domed: humid, short neck and limbs!
2. Saddleback: less humid, trees, longer neck and limbs!
3. very important stop!
4. Darwin realized that different islands within the archipelago supported distinct
species and subspecies within certain lineages.
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Document Summary
On the origin of species (theory of evolution by natural selection): 28 years of the making. Classi cation-carl linnaeus: classi ed organisms into nested hierarchical categories, developed binomial nomenclature, groupings because of divine plan, not because of relatedness, three kingdoms: animal, vegetable, mineral (not used today, kingdom-class-order-genus, with extra classi cations: domain-kingdom-phylum-class-order-family-genus- Paleontology-mary anning: discovered the rst plesiosaur and ichthyosaur fossils, contributed to cuvier"s hypothesis that giant reptile-like creatures ruled earth. 2018 4 5 before mammals: mary anning is the greatest fossils the world ever knew. Geology-charles lyell: charles lyell in the most famous geologist in time of darwin. 2. popularized hutton"s idea of gradualism and called it uniformitarianism: lyell and hutton"s ideas about changes in geologic formations occurring over long time periods in uenced darwin"s thinking about gradual biological changes. Ex: folding of geologic strata (layers) can move fossils around. Beagle sent out by england government: england needed good maps to assist them engage in world.
