SOC 101 Lecture Notes - Lecture 18: Anal Stage, Toilet Training, Psychosexual Development
4 Jul 2018
School
Department
Course
Professor
Social and Personality Growth: Age 3–6
During early childhood, children gain some sense of being separate and independent from their
parents. According to Erikson, the task of preschoolers is to develop autonomy, or self‐
direction (ages 1–3), as well as initiative, or enterprise (ages 3–6).
According to Freud, children in the second year of life enter the anal stage of
psychosexual development, when parents face many new challenges while toilet
training their children. Fixations at this stage give rise to the characteristic personality
traits of anal retention (excessive neatness, organization, and withholding) or anal
expulsion (messiness and altruism), which fully emerge in adulthood.
Family relationships are critical to the physical, mental, and social health of growing
preschoolers. Many aspects of the family, such as parenting techniques, discipline, the
number and the birth order of siblings, the family's finances, the family's circumstances,
the family's health, and more, contribute to young children's psychosocial development.
Parenting in early childhood
Different parents employ different parenting techniques. Which parents choose to use which
techniques depends on cultural and community standards, the situation, and their children's
behavior at the time. Parental control involves the degree to which parents are restrictive in
their use of parenting techniques, while parental warmthinvolves the degree to which they are
loving, affectionate, and approving in their use of these techniques.
Authoritarian parents demonstrate high parental control and low parental
warmth when parenting.
Permissive parents demonstrate high parental warmth and low parental control
when parenting.
Indifferent parents demonstrate low parental control and low warmth.
Authoritative parents demonstrate appropriate levels of both parental control
and warmth.
The willingness of parents to negotiate common goals with their children is highly
desirable. This does not imply, however, that everything within a family system is
negotiable. Neither parents nor their children should be “in charge” all of the time. Doing
so can lead to unhealthy power struggles within the family. Parental negotiating teaches
children that quality relationships can be equitable, or equal in terms of sharing rights,
responsibilities, and decision making. Most negotiating home environments are warm, ‐
accommodating, and mutually supportive.
Siblings in early childhood
Siblings form a child's first and foremost peer group. Preschoolers may learn as much or more
from their siblings as from their parents. Regardless of age differences, sibling relationships
mirror other social relationships, amounting to a type of basic preparation for dealing with
find more resources at oneclass.com
find more resources at oneclass.com
Document Summary
During early childhood, children gain some sense of being separate and independent from their parents. According to erikson, the task of preschoolers is to develop autonomy, or self direction (ages 1 3), as well as initiative, or enterprise (ages 3 6). According to freud, children in the second year of life enter the anal stage of psychosexual development, when parents face many new challenges while toilet training their children. Fixations at this stage give rise to the characteristic personality traits of anal retention (excessive neatness, organization, and withholding) or anal expulsion (messiness and altruism), which fully emerge in adulthood. Family relationships are critical to the physical, mental, and social health of growing preschoolers. Many aspects of the family, such as parenting techniques, discipline, the number and the birth order of siblings, the family"s finances, the family"s circumstances, the family"s health, and more, contribute to young children"s psychosocial development.
