01:119:115 Lecture Notes - Lecture 2: Atomic Orbital, Ionic Bonding, Chemical Formula

• School: Rutgers University
• Department: Biological Science
• Course: 01:119:115
• Professor: Dr.Christy Beal

Document Summary

Hypothesis: testable explanation for observation based on data. Law: statement of what always occurs under certain circumstances. Scientific process: observation-> hypothesis and predictions->experiments and observations-> ask new questions; repeat experiment after evaluations or revise hypothesis and repeat after evaluation. 4 essential elements-> 96% of life: carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen. Atomic mass: number of protons and number of neutrons. Atoms with incomplete valence shells (outer shells) can share or transfer electrons-> chemical bonds. Emergent properties: properties of compounds different from elements . Radioactive isotopes: spontaneous decay giving off particles and energy. Electrons in cloud (negative charge); determine chemical behavior. Lead to 4 emergent properties: cohesive/adhesive behavior (surface tension, ability to moderate temperature, expansion upon freezing, versatility as a solvent. Electronegativity: ability to draw electrons to the nucleus. Polarity allows water to make hydrogen bonds between water molecules. Cohesion from hydrogen bonds-> attraction between polar and nonpolar sides of. 1 gram of water takes 1 calorie to raise 1 degree celsius.