BIO-8 Lecture Notes - Lecture 1: Natural Selection, Ecosystem Approach

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4 Dec 2020
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Section 1: ecological systems exist in a hierarchical organization. Ecology: is the scientific study of the abundance and distribution of organisms in relation to other organisms and environmental conditions. The larger number of interactions among species (e. g. , marine kelp forests) resembles business interactions among humans. Hence, darwin termed ecology as the economy of nature . Ecological understanding is never complete; scientists are always making new discoveries. Individual (survival and reproduction the unit of natural selection) population (population dynamics the unit of evolution) community (interactions among species) ecosystem (flow of energy and matter) biosphere. Individual: the most fundamental unit of ecology. Acquire nutrients and energy, and produce waste. Individuals have a membrane boundary that separates internal processes. Natural selection acts on individuals from the external environment. Species: individuals that are capable of interbreeding or share genetic similarity. Population: individuals of the same species living in a particular area. Boundaries can be natural (e. g, forest edges) or political (e. g. , state lines).

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