BIOS-1113 Lecture Notes - Lecture 3: Tic-Tac-Toe, Serous Fluid, Pericardium

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7 Aug 2018

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Document Summary

Away from the head, or the lower part of a structure. Nearer to or at the front of the body. Nearer to or at the back of the body. On the same side of the body as another structure. On the opposite side of the body from another structure. Nearer to the attachment of a limb to a trunk; farther from the origination of a structure. Farther from the attachment of a limb to the trunk; farther from the origination of a structure. Toward or on the surface of the body. Midline an imaginary vertical line that divides the body into equal right and left sides. A vertical plane that divides the body or an organ into right and left sides. Passes through the midline of the body or an organ and divides it into equal right and left sides. Divides the body or an organ into superior and inferior portions.

Related Questions

Select 30 medical terms from the articles.

Complete the table in this document, like the Summary Tables in your textbook.

In the first column list the medical term.

In the second column, list any prefixes and define them.

In the third column, list the root and define it.

In the fourth column, list any suffixes and define them.

In the fifth column list the exact definition of the term.

NOTE: You many not use any medical terms that appear in any of the summary tables in your textbook.

Make sure to include references to the articles your terms come from.

1: Facelift Anatomy

With age, characteristic changes occur in the central third of the face. ^[¹^] A youthful midface is characterized by prominent cheeks and a smooth transition between the lower eyelid and cheek. Structural, soft tissue, and skin changes develop as wrinkles and creases, progressive ptosis, and general atrophy of the structures.

Pessa confirmed the changes seen in the bony structures of the face, and these include a downward migration of cephalometric points. ^[²^] The downward migration manifests as a change in soft tissue volume. The effects of gravity and repeated animation of the face also directly affect the soft tissue that overlies the mimetic musculature.

The results of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) evaluations have helped to determine that the mimetic muscles themselves remain intact; however, the attachment to the overlying soft tissue and skin changes. The repeated action of smiling results in deepening of the nasolabial fold at the point at which the superficial musculoaponeurotic system (SMAS) inserts into the dermis.

2: Pancreas Anatomy

Embryology

The pancreas develops as 2 buds (outpouchings) of endoderm from the primitive duodenum at the junction of the foregut and the midgut. A small ventral bud (pouch) forms the lower (inferior) part of the head and the uncinate process of pancreas, whereas a large dorsal bud (pouch) forms the upper (0) part of the head as well as the body and tail of the pancreas. The ventral bud rotates behind the duodenum dorsally from right to left and fuses with the dorsal bud, and the duct of the distal part (body and tail) of the dorsal bud unites with the duct of the ventral bud to form the main pancreatic duct (of Wirsung). Because the common bile duct (CBD) also arises from the ventral bud, it forms a common channel with the main pancreatic duct. The remaining proximal part (head) of the duct of the dorsal bud remains as the accessory pancreatic duct (of Santorini).

3: Conduction System of the Heart

The conducting system of the heart consists of cardiac muscle cells and conducting fibers (not nervous tissue) that are specialized for initiating impulses and conducting them rapidly through the heart (see the image below). They initiate the normal cardiac cycle and coordinate the contractions of cardiac chambers. Both atria contract together, as do the ventricles, but atrial contraction occurs first.

The conducting system provides the heart its automatic rhythmic beat. For the heart to pump efficiently and the systemic and pulmonary circulations to operate in synchrony, the events in the cardiac cycle must be coordinated.

4:Spleen Anatomy

Overview

The spleen is an organ shaped like a shoe that lies relative to the 9th and 11th ribs and is located in the left hypochondrium and partly in the epigastrium. Thus, the spleen is situated between the fundus of the stomach and the diaphragm. The spleen is very vascular and reddish purple in color; its size and weight vary. A healthy spleen is not palpable.

Development

The spleen develops in the cephalic part of dorsal mesogastrium (from its left layer; during the sixth week of intrauterine life) into a number of nodules that fuse and form a lobulated spleen. Notching of the superior border of the adult spleen is evidence of its multiple origin (see the image below)

5:Lung Anatomy

Development

Medical Term	Prefixes	Roots	Suffixes	Exact Meaning	Citation
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30.

Question 1.1. (TCO 1) Moving from the elbowtoward the wrist is an example of moving in a _____ direction.(Points : 4)

distal
lateral
medial
proximal

Question 2.2. (TCO 1) The left and rightpleural cavities are part of this cavity. (Points : 4)

Abdominal
Pelvic
Dorsal
Thoracic

Question 3.3. (TCO 1) The _____ separatesanterior and posterior portions of the body. (Points : 4)

transverse plane
sagittal plane
parasagittal plane
frontal plane

Question 4.4. (TCO 1) A parasagittal plane_____. (Points : 4)

separates superior andinferior portions of the body
separates right and leftportions of the body
misses the midline,separating right and left portions of unequal size
separates anterior andposterior portions of the body

Question 5.5. (TCO 1) Which of the followingterms is not used to define the structure that separatesthe contents of a human cell from its surrounding medium? (Points :4)

Cell wall
Cell membrane
Plasma membrane
Plasmalemma

Question 6.6. (TCO 1) Approximately 60-80% ofa living cell is made up of _____. (Points : 4)

water
oxygen
lungs
potassium

Question 7.7. (TCO 2) Stratified cuboidalepithelia would be found _____. (Points : 4)

lining the urinarybladder
lining the ducts thatdrain sweat glands
lining kidneytubules
lining the stomach
at the surface of theskin

Question 8.8. (TCO 2) The layer of theepidermis that contains stem cells undergoing mitois is the _____.(Points : 4)

stratum corneum
stratum basale
stratum granulosum
stratum spinosum

Question 9.9. (TCO 2) The tissue that alwayshas a free surface exposed to the internal or external environmentis the _____. (Points : 4)

epithelial tissue
connective tissue
muscle tissue
neural tissue

Question 10.10. (TCO 2) The code to make aparticular protein is a gene located on a _____. (Points : 4)

tDNA molecule
RNA molecule
DNA molecule
tRNA molecule

Question 11.11. (TCO 2) The lipid bilyaer ofthe plasma membrane is constructed largely of _____ with smalleramounts of cholesterol and glycolipids. (Points : 4)

cholesterol
neutral fats
phospholipids
fat-soluble vitamins

Question 12.12. (TCO 2) A group of similarcells and their intercellular substances specialized to perform aspecific function is a(n) _____. (Points : 4)

cell
tissue
organ
atom

Question 13.13. (TCO 3) The _____ of sweat isproduced by the action of bacteria feeding on the sweat. (Points :4)

color
odor
salt
nitrates

Question 14.14. (TCO 3) An acquired skindisease resulting in irregular patches of skin of various sizes andcompletely lacking pigmentation is known as _____. (Points :4)

albinism
impetigo
vitiligo
ringworm

Question 15.15. (TCO 3) Squamous cellcarcinoma arises from this layer of the skin. (Points : 4)

Stratum spinosum
Stratum corneum
Stratum granulosum
Stratum basale

Question 16.16. (TCO 3) The primary purpose ofsensible perspiration is _____. (Points : 4)

to heat internal bodyorgans
to heat the skin
for evaporativecooling
to get rid of bodywaste
to elevate bodytemperature

Question 17.17. (TCO 3) Sweating is anevaporation process that _____ the body. (Points : 4)

cools
heats
has no effect on
dries the body

Question 18.18. (TCO 3) When the _____ musclecontracts, it causes the hair to stand on its end. (Points :4)

vellus
terminal hair
rrrector pili
arrector pili

Question 19.19. (TCO 4) The formation of redand white blood cells by the red bone marrow is known as _____.(Points : 4)

hematopoiesis
periostesis
mastication
cartilage

Question 20.20. (TCO 4) Yellow bone marrowcontains a large percentage of _____. (Points : 4)

fat.
blood-formingclots.
elastic tissue.
Sharpey's fibers.

Question 21.21. (TCO4) The shaft of a longbone is called the _____. (Points : 4)

physis
epiphysis
diaphysis
metaphysis
lamella

Question 22.22. (TCO 4) The boundaries betweenskull bones and between immovable joints are _____. (Points :4)

foramina
fontanels
lacunae
sutures

Question 23.23. (TCO 4) The _____ is theexpanded prominence of the upper hip bone. (Points : 4)

sacrum
coccyx
pubis
iliac crest

Question 24.24. (TCO 4) The _____ is afibrovascular membrane that covers a bone. (Points : 4)

endosteum
yellow bone marrow
periosteum
compact bone marrow

Question 25.25. (TCO 5) The bones that formthe wrist are the _____. (Points : 4)

carpals
tarsals
metatarsals
phalanges

Question 26.26. (TCO 5) The following isnot
a structure found on the ishium. (Points : 4)

Superior ramus
Inferior ramus
Lesser sciaticnotch
Superior body

Question 27.27. (TCO 5) The side walls of thevertebral foramen are formed by the _____. (Points : 4)

centrum of thevertebrae
spinous process
pedicles
laminae

Question 28.28. (TCO 5) The largest facialbones are the _____. (Points : 4)

palatine bones
nasal bones
lacrimal bones
maxillary bones

Question 29.29. (TCO 5) The bone in directcontact with the first metatarsal (big toe) is the _____. (Points :4)

medial cuneiform
lateral cuneiform
cuboid
calcaneus

Question 30.30. (TCO 5) The antebrachium iscomposed of which of the following two bones? (Points : 4)

The radius and theulna
The humerus and theclavicle
The scapula and theclavicle
The humerus and theradius

Question 31.31. (TCO 6) A joint united bydense fibrocartilaginous tissue that permits a slight degree ofmovement is a _____. (Points : 4)

suture
syndesmosis
symphysis
gomphosis

Question 32.32. (TCO 6) Articular cartilagefound at the ends of the long bones serve to _____. (Points :4)

attach tendons
produce red blood cells(hemopoiesis)
provide a smooth surfaceat the ends of synovial joints
form the synovialmembrane

Question 33.33. (TCO 6) The cruciate ligamentsof the knee _____. (Points : 4)

tend to run parallel toone another
also are calledcollateral ligaments
prevent hyperextension ofthe knee
assist in defining therange of motion of the leg

Question 34.34. (TCO 6) Menisci refer to_____. (Points : 4)

cavities lined withcartilage
small sacs containingsynovial fluid
semilunar cartilagepads
tendon sheaths

Question 35.35. (TCO 6) Synovial fluid ispresent in joint cavities of freely movable joints. Which of thefollowing statements is true about this fluid? (Points : 4)

It contains onlyenzymes.
It contains lacticacid.
It contains hyaluronicacid.
It contains hydrochloricacid.

amaranthworm158

1. When does differentiation begin in fruit fly (insects)?

a. Prior to fertilization

b. Just after fertilization, but before any cell divisions takeplace

c. Just after the first cell division

d. At the blastula stage

e. At the globular embryo stage

2. When does differentiation begin in frog (vertebrates)?

a. Prior to fertilization

b. Just after fertilization, but before any cell divisions takeplace

c. Just after the first cell division

d. At the blastula stage

e. At the globular embryo stage

3. When does differentiation begin in flowering plants?

a. Prior to fertilization

b. Just after fertilization, but before any cell divisions takeplace

c. Just after the first cell division

d. At the blastula stage

e. At the globular embryo stage

4. Which axis develops first in animals, anterior-posterior(A-P) or dorsal-ventral (D-V)?

a. A-P

b. D-V

c. They develop at the same time.

d. They are controlled by the same transcription factors at thesame time.

5. Which axis develops first in plants, anterior-posterior ordorsal-ventral?

a. A-P

b. D-V

c. They develop at the same time.

d. Plants only develop A-P, and with respect to gravity andlight.

6. Focusing in on A-P development in Drosophila, maternaltranscription factors produce

proteins that control axis development in what order?

a. bicoid and nanos proteins; caudal and hunchback proteins; gapand pair-rule

proteins

b. caudal and hunchback proteins; bicoid and nanos proteins; gapand pair-rule

proteins

c. gap and pair-rule proteins; bicoid and nanos proteins; caudaland hunchback

proteins

d. gap and pair-rule proteins; caudal and hunchback proteins;bicoid and nanos

proteins

7. What ultimately controls pattern formation in Drosophila?

a. Morphogen gradients and signaling molecules under maternalcontrol

b. Morphogen gradients and signaling molecules under embryoniccontrol

c. De-repressors and signaling molecules under maternalcontrol

d. De-repressors and signaling molecules under embryoniccontrol

PLANT STRUCTURE, CELLS, CELL WALLS, PLASMODESMATA

8. Which of the following cannot be found in leaves?

a. Xylem

b. Phloem

c. Mesophyll

d. Parenchyma

e. Apical meristem

9. What are intercalary meristems?

a. Meristems that develop between internodes in some plants

b. Meristems that develop primary meristematic tissues

c. Meristems that are responsible for secondary growth in woodyplants

d. Root meristems

10. Roots, shoots, and leaves all contain three basic tissuesystems. What are they?

a. Ground, structural, conductive

b. Ground, vascular, dermal

c. Vascular, dermal, structural

d. Conductive, transmissive, supportive

11. All growth in plants is due to

a. Cell division in the three basic tissue systems andsubsequent cell elongation

b. Cell division at meristems and subsequent cell elongation

c. Cell division as needed throughout the plant body, followedby cell elongation

d. Hormone-induced cell division throughout the plant body

12. Which plant cells are dead at maturity, although stillproviding some useful function?

a. Dermal

b. Ground

c. Xylem

d. Phloem

e. Lateral meristems

13. Which meristems are responsible for lateral growth (increasein girth)?

a. Apical meristem

b. Root meristem

c. Vascular and bark cambium

d. Intercalary meristem

14. Where are most guard cells generally located in vascularplants?

a. Stem dermal tissue

b. Root dermal tissue

c. Petiole dermal tissue

d. Undersides of leaves

e. Uppersides of leaves

15. How can you distinguish guard cells from non-guardcells?

a. They contain mitochondria

b. They contain chloroplasts

c. They do not have plasmodesmata

d. They have plasmodesmata

e. B and C

PINs, IAA, ACID GROWTH

16. What are PINs?

a. Plasma membrane transport inhibitors

b. Auxin efflux transporters for active transport across plasmamembranes

c. Growth regulators

d. Hormones

e. Membrane transport proteins for embryogenesis

17. What is IAA?

a. Cytokinen

b. Gibberellic acid

c. Florigen

d. Auxin

e. Abscissic acid

18. Which hormone can trigger cell wall expansion?

a. Cytokinen

b. Gibberellic acid

c. Florigen

d. Auxin

e. Abscissic acid

19. Which ion is used by plants to decrease pH and activateenzymes that break cress-bridges

between cellulose fibers for cell wall expansion?

a. Na

b. K

c. Cl

d. H

e. Mg

20. Where do the ions come from to cause acidification of thecell wall?

a. Apoplast

b. Cytoplasm

c. Chloroplasts

d. Mitochondria

e. Vacuole

PLANT EMBRYOGENESIS, SHOOT APICAL MERISTEM (SAM), ROOT APICALMERISTEM

(RAM)

21. The first cell division in a plant zygote isasymmetrical.

a. True

b. False

22. At what stage of embryogenesis do PIN proteins firstinfluence orientation of the root-shoot

axis?

a. First cell division

b. Second cell division

c. 8-cell stage

d. Globular stage

e. Heart-shaped stage

23. Which hormone most strongly affects cell division inembryos?

a. IAA

b. GA

c. Ethylene

d. AA

e. CK

24. How do the major tissue systems in plants become establishedin developing embryo?

a. Anticlinal cell divisions

b. Periclinal cell divisions

c. All of the above

d. None of the above

STEM/ROOT PRIMARY, SECONDARY GROWTH

25. Fifteen years ago, your parent hung a swing from the lowerbranch of a tree in your yard. It is at the exact same height as itwas then. Why isn

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BIOS-1113 Lecture Notes - Lecture 3: Tic-Tac-Toe, Serous Fluid, Pericardium

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