BIO 211 Lecture Notes - Lecture 7: Chromosome, Chromatin, Chromosome Segregation
Prior to Week 7 Class 1 – pp. 963-982 – can skip “Cell-cycle progression can be studied in various ways”
• Know
o What the phases of the cell cycle are
▪ Interphase
• G1
• S phase
• G2
▪ M phase
• Prophase; metaphase; anaphase; telophase
• Cytokinesis
o What sister chromatids are
▪ Pairs of rigid, compact rods of DNA
o What start/the restriction point refers to
▪ Point of no return for DNA replication
o What CDKs and cyclins are
▪ Cyclin dependent kinases; cyclic change in phosphorylation of intracellular proteins
initiating or regulating major events
▪ Cyclins; changes in levels leads to activation of cyclin-cdk complexes
o What Wee1, Cdc25, CAK, and CKIs are
▪ Wee 1
• Phosphorylates inhibitory sites in Cdks INHIBITS
• Suppresses Cdk1 activity before mitosis
▪ Cdc25
• Removes inhibitory phosphatases from cdks; control cdk1 activation at mitosis
onset ACTIVATES
▪ CAK
• Cdk-activating kinase
• Phosphorylates an active site in Cdks
▪ CK1
• Cdk inhibitor proteins
o Inactivates cyclin-cdk complexes
o What the APC/C and SCF are
▪ APC/C
• Catalyzes ubiquitylation of regulatory proteins for mitosis exit
▪ SCF
• Catalyzes ubiquitylation of regulatory proteins in G1 control
o What the pre-RC, ORC, Cdc6, Cdt1, Mcm, DDK and geminin are
▪ Pre-RC
• Pre-replicative complex
• First step in late mitosis and early G1; pair of inactive DNA helicases loaded
onto rep origin
• Licensing of replication origins
o Initiation of DNA synthesis can only happen if you have a pre-RC
▪ ORC
• Origin replication complex
• Binds to rep origins throughout cell cycle
▪ Cdc6 and Cdt1
• In late mitosis and early G1
find more resources at oneclass.com
find more resources at oneclass.com
• Work with ORC to load inactive DNA helicases around DNA next to origin
▪ Mcm
▪ DDK
• Helps drive origin activation by phosphorylating specific subunits of DNA
helicase
▪ Geminin
• Cdt1 inhibitor
• Destroyed by APC/C trigger
o Makes Cdt1 active
o If APC/C is off, geminin accumulates, Cdt1 is inhibited if not
associated to DNA
o What cohesins are
▪ Hold together sister chromatids
o The roles of M-CDK
▪ Activated by m-cyclins; stimulate entry into mitosis at G2/M transition; m-cyclin levels
fall in mid-mitosis
o The stages of M Phase and what occurs in each
▪ Prophase; Prometaphase; Metaphase
• Triggered by increase in M-Cdk activity at G2/M transition
• M-Cdk and other protein kinases phosphorylate a variety of proteins to create
mitotic spindle and attachment to sister chromatid pairs
▪ Anaphase
• APC/C triggers destruction of securing
• Liberating a protease that cleaves cohesin and initiates separation of sister
chromatids
▪ Telophase
▪ Cytokinesis
• Divides the cell into 2 halves
o What condensin is and how it is relevant to mitosis
• Understand
o The purpose of the cell cycle
▪ To duplicate cells; replace dead ones
o In general, what happens in each phase of the cell cycle
▪ G1
• Time for cell to monitor internal/external environment
• Has restriction/start point – commits cells to DNA replication
▪ S Phase
• Chromosome duplication for DNA synthesis
▪ M phase
• Chromosome segregation and cell division
• Prophase
o Disentangled, condensed into sister chromatids
• Metaphase
o Align at spindle equator
• Anaphase
o Sister chromatids separate and pulled to opposite sides
• Telophase
o Separate nuclei
find more resources at oneclass.com
find more resources at oneclass.com