BIOL3190 Lecture Notes - Lecture 14: Meiosis, Chromosome, Centimorgan

34 views3 pages

magentamarten253

27 Oct 2017

School

Department

Course

Professor

For unlimited access to Class Notes, a Class+ subscription is required.

Document Summary

Lecture 14 we basically know what the processes and predict functions with similar genomes. There is a gene there that has an important function but not sure what that function is. Specifically go into the genome and cut out the gene and see what happens to the organism. No, identify gene that was mutated by introducing a bunch of plasmids and each plasmid has a. Reverse genetics i know the sequence of an organism. Basic funcitons of most common gene products are known because of the model organisms. Linkage is(cid:374)(cid:859)t (cid:396)est(cid:396)i(cid:272)ted to (cid:449)he(cid:374) (cid:449)e a(cid:396)e (cid:373)appi(cid:374)g ge(cid:374)es. Whe(cid:374) 2 ge(cid:374)es a(cid:396)e (cid:272)lose togethe(cid:396) a(cid:374)d do(cid:374)(cid:859)t (cid:396)e(cid:272)o(cid:373)(cid:271)i(cid:374)e a(cid:374)d a(cid:396)e usually i(cid:374)he(cid:396)ited togethe(cid:396) Inheritance of this allele is linked to this disease state. Usually if you inherit that allele, you will inherit this disease. Does(cid:374)(cid:859)t (cid:373)ea(cid:374) that if you ha(cid:448)e that allele you (cid:449)ill ha(cid:448)e that disease.

Related Questions

You decide to identify the CFTR mutation by analyzing the genomic DNA of your patients compared to healthy individuals. You specifically are looking to see whether a specific 3' gene truncation has occurred in the patients. You will determine this using hybridization techniques with samples from healthy and CF patients. Which of the following will allow you to accomplish this?

	Using an RNA probe complementary to the region not removed by the truncation.
	Using an RNA probe complementary to the region removed by the truncation.
	Using an DNA probe complementary to the region not removed by the truncation.
	Using an DNA probe complementary to the region removed by the truncation.

To conduct the hybridization experiment, you are trying to decide between using a DNA or RNA probe. Which would be ideal to use and why?

	As both are composed of nucleic acids, using either would result in identical results.
	An RNA probe because RNA has uracil bases.
	An RNA probe because it could also be used in a translation experiment.
	A DNA probe because it is more stable than RNA.
	A DNA probe because RNA cannot bind to DNA.

Imagine Hershey/Chase had used an RNA virus (genome composed of RNA) instead of a DNA virus in their experiment. Would radioactivity still have been found in the pellet?

	No, because only DNA can be labeled with radioactivity.
	No, because the RNA genome would not enter the bacteria upon infection.
	No, because while DNA and RNA nucleotides are similar, they are not identical.
	Yes, because DNA and RNA nucleotides are similar.
	Yes, because genome in any form (DNA, RNA, protein) would be labeled similarly.

The human genome consists mostly of non-coding DNA. Which of the following are benefits of this?

	Random DNA mutations generally won't affect RNA and protein function.
	It is faster to duplicate the genome when these are present.
	The existence of introns can lead to multiple variations of proteins encoded by a single gene.
	It is unlikely transposons would exist in the genome if there was too much protein coding DNA.

You accidentally add a mutant dNTP (which has an H instead of an OH connected to the 3â carbon) to a reaction where DNA is being replicated. Which of the following is true of this mutant dNTP?

	It can be incorporated into DNA strand but cannot form a phosphodiester bond with an incoming wild type dNTP
	It can be incorporated into a DNA strand but cannot base pair with a complementary nucleotide
	It can be incorporated into a DNA strand and can form a phosphodiester bond with an incoming dNTP, but only if it is another mutant dNTP
	It cannot be incorporated into a DNA strand.

Andrew Murray's sister, Andrea, is adding to her brother's work on chromosomes. She is using cells that are unable to synthesize adenine (âade) and histidine (âhis). The plasmid she is currently working with consists of an origin of replication and the Ade gene.

Following her transformation of the plasmid into her yeast, what media will the cells be plated on to select for cells that have picked up the plasmid?

	Media containing histidine
	Media containing adenine
	Media lacking adenine
	Media lacking histidine

She starts by attempting to add the centromere DNA into a plasmid containing the origin of replication. Unfortunately, when adding the centromere sequence, the origin of replication is removed, thus leaving a plasmid with only a centromere and selection marker. Following plasmid transformation, what growth result will she see on her plates?

	No colonies
	Little colonies
	Big colonies

She fixes the mistakes from the previous experiment and now has a complete plasmid (selection marker, origin of replication, centromere). She then inserts telomere sequences into the plasmid. How will this impact her transformation?

	It will not impact her transformation
	Her transformation will no longer work because plasmids donât require telomeres
	She will now see much larger colonies
	She will now see fewer but larger colonies
	She will now see smaller colonies

In the Meselson/Stahl experiment, E. coli were first grown in media containing heavy nitrogen, 15N, and then transferred to light nitrogen, 14N, at the beginning of the experiment.

Imagine that their data showed that replication occurs in a conservative manner instead of semi-conservative. What fraction of the DNA helices will consist of mixed DNA after 4 rounds of replication in this case?

	None
	More than 75%
	25-50%
	51-75%
	Less than 25%

peachmarten804

Question 1

1 pts

Cystic fibrosis is caused by nonsense and missense mutations in the CFTR gene, which encodes for a chloride channel. You are studying cystic fibrosis patients to determine what mutation they possess in the CFTR gene. The difference between the mutant and wild type CFTR genes can be uncovered by examining the CFTR:

	DNA
	mRNA
	protein
	tRNA

Question 2

1 pts

	Using an RNA probe complementary to the region not removed by the truncation.
	Using an RNA probe complementary to the region removed by the truncation.
	Using an DNA probe complementary to the region not removed by the truncation.
	Using an DNA probe complementary to the region removed by the truncation.

Question 3

1 pts

You would like to ensure that this experiment (to determine whether patients have a specific CFTR gene truncation using hybridization) is properly controlled. Which of the following samples must you test?

	The genomic DNA of a healthy individual who does not have cystic fibrosis.
	The genome of a CFTR patient known to have the specific truncation you are trying to identify.
	The genome of a CFTR patient with a missense mutation but full length gene.
	The genome of a healthy individual married to a CFTR patient with the specific truncation you are trying to identify.
	The genome of a patient with muscular dystrophy, which can be due to a trucation in the dystrophin gene.

Question 4

1 pts

To conduct the hybridization experiment, you are trying to decide between using a DNA or RNA probe. Which would be ideal to use and why?

	As both are composed of nucleic acids, using either would result in identical results.
	An RNA probe because RNA has uracil bases.
	An RNA probe because it could also be used in a translation experiment.
	A DNA probe because it is more stable than RNA.
	A DNA probe because RNA cannot bind to DNA.

Question 5

1 pts

Which of the following will lower the Tm of a given DNA strand?

	Increasing the percentage of GC base pairs.
	Raising the pH of the solution from neutral to basic.
	Decreasing the buffer concentration from 50mM NaCl to 5mM NaCl.
	None of the above.

Question 6

1 pts

One step of the Hershey/Chase experiment involved blending the virus/cell mixture before centrifugation and probing the pellet for radioactivity. Why was the blending step necessary?

	To collect the bacteria at the bottom of the tube.
	To break open the bacteria to release the genome.
	To separate the bacteria from the bacteriophages.
	To be able to detect the radioactivity.

Question 7

1 pts

Imagine Hershey/Chase had used an RNA virus (genome composed of RNA) instead of a DNA virus in their experiment. Would radioactivity still have been found in the pellet?

	No, because only DNA can be labeled with radioactivity.
	No, because the RNA genome would not enter the bacteria upon infection.
	No, because while DNA and RNA nucleotides are similar, they are not identical.
	Yes, because DNA and RNA nucleotides are similar.
	Yes, because genome in any form (DNA, RNA, protein) would be labeled similarly.

Question 8

1 pts

Griffith and Avery's transformation experiments allowed us to identify that DNA is our genetic information. Which of the following scenarios would result in bacterial cells that are capable of killing mice upon injection?

	Heat killed non-virulent bacteria is added to a live virulent bacteria strain.
	Heat killed virulent bacteria is added to a heat killed non-virulent bacteria strain.
	A heat killed virulent bacteria that is treated with a nuclease, is then added to a non-virulent bacteria strain.
	Heat killed mouse cells are added to a non-virulent bacteria.

Question 9

1 pts

The human genome consists mostly of non-coding DNA. Which of the following are benefits of this?

	Random DNA mutations generally won't affect RNA and protein function.
	It is faster to duplicate the genome when these are present.
	The existence of introns can lead to multiple variations of proteins encoded by a single gene.
	It is unlikely transposons would exist in the genome if there was too much protein coding DNA.

Question 10

1 pts

Following her transformation of the plasmid into her yeast, what media will the cells be plated on to select for cells that have picked up the plasmid?

	Media containing histidine
	Media containing adenine
	Media lacking adenine
	Media lacking histidine

tealcockroach755

Expression vectors inprokaryotes do not make functional eukaryotic gene products inbacteria very well because

Answer Not sure which one ?!

		Â· the codon sequence for prokaryotes is differentthan the codon sequence in eukaryotes
		Â· there are no disulfide bridges formed in proteinsnormally made in prokaryotes
		Â· prokaryotic expression vectors cannot translateeukarytic sequences
		Â· eukaryotic genes have introns, and prokaryotesdon't
		Â· eukaryotic genes have exons and prokaryotesdon't

I create a knockout mouseusing the agouti/black fur system \. When I cross the agoutioffspring of the originally engineered mouse, I find a ratio of 2agouti mice to 1 black furred mouse. What is the bestexplanation?

Answer not sure which one?!

		Â· The gene knocked out was recessive.
		Â· The gene knocked out was dominant.
		Â· The gene knocked out was a lethalgene.
		Â· The knockput was integrated into a random spot,and did not knockput the original gene.

A restriction enzyme cuts DNAand leaves the following end

xxCTGCA
xxG

Which of the following could be the sequence of the correspondingend of the other end of the cut DNA?

Answer

Â· xxG
xxCTGCA

Â· xxC
xxGTGCA

Â· xxCCGAT
xxG

Â· xxGGCTA
xxC

An SNP always occurs dueto

Answer

		Â· a one base-pair change.
		Â· a three base-pair change.
		Â· a single restriction site change.
		Â· a single amino acid change.
		Â· None of these.

I PCR out a mutated gene in apatient with Lisenbee chorea (the inability to dance in acoordinated fashion) and I compare it to another patient with thatsame disease phenotype. One subject had a mutation on chromosome 4,and the other subject couldn't rock it because of a mutation onchromosome 5. This is an exampe of

Answer

Â· pleitropy

Â· locus heterogeneity

Â· allelic heterogeneity

Â· dominant negative mutation

Â· penetrance

In his experiments, Mendelnoted that when two traits are involved in a genetic cross, theyare inherited independently of each other. Though Mendel didn'tknow about chromosomes, this still holds true (mostly)because

Answer

		Â· genes on the same chromosome are often mixedthrough meiotic crossover during the formation ofgametes.
		Â· variant alleles of the same gene do not interferewith the phenotypic expression of the gentoype in different geneticloci.
		Â· most higher organisms are diploid, making only twoalleles available for every genetic locus, and there is a 50/50chance of geting either allele from a single parent.
		Â· expression of phenotypes can vary from thegenotypes because of encironmantal influences.
		Â· chromosomes often recombine

Anticipation is caused by amutation that increases in expressivity over subsequentgenerations.

Answer

Â· True

Â· False

Question 44

I have a genotype that shouldproduce a specific phenotype, but some of the individuals with thegenotype do not demonstrate any evidence of the phenotype. I wouldconsider this an example of

Answer

		Â· allelic heterogeneity.
		Â· locus heterogeneity.
		Â· penetrance.
		Â· expressitivity.
		Â· sheer luck.

Question

Which of the following doesnot occur during the PCR reactions?

Answer

		Â· Changes in the reaction temperature by athermocycler
		Â· Denaturation at high temperatures
		Â· Synthesis of oligonucleotide primers
		Â· Extension of primers by DNA polymerase
		Â· Annealing of oligonucleotide primers

Question

DNA markers, or variantnon-coding regions of DNA, are DNA polymorphisms that are usefulfor genetic mapping.

Answer

Â· True

Â· False

A mosaic is an organismwith

Answer

		Â· multiple genotypes within one organism
		Â· multiple alleles within one genotype
		Â· more than one color of fur
		Â· transgenes added to the zygote beforedevelopement
		Â· a wt phenotype but a mutated genotype

Question

Genotype causesphenotype.

Answer

		Â· No, gentoype just influences phenotype.
		Â· Yes, genotype is the DNA sequence that createsphenotype.

Question

A true genetic chimera can becreated by

Answer

		Â· mutating a gene early on in the development of anorganism resulting in different alleles being present in theadult
		Â· multiple fertilized eggs or zygotes fusing to formone embryo
		Â· adding a transgene to the genome of an organismduring fetal development only
		Â· adding cells of a different species to an adultorganism
		Â· adding a transgene to the genome of an animal atany stage in development

Question

The ABO blood group can bestbe explained by the concept of _______.

Answer

		Â· dominant traits
		Â· recessive traits
		Â· allelic heterogeneity
		Â· locus heterogeneity
		Â· vampirism

If a loss of functionmutation creates a dominant phenotype, it may be becauseof

Answer

		Â· haploinsufficiency
		Â· penetrance
		Â· expressivity
		Â· allelic heterogeneity
		Â· locus heterogeneity

Please select the best matchfor each.

Answer

	Â· PCR: Technique used to generatecopies of a DNA fragment
	Â· Southern blot : Screeningprocedure used to assay DNA fragments
	Â· RFLPs : DNA fragments generatedby restriction enzymes that vary in length betweenindividuals
	Â· Northern blot : Screeningprocedure used to assay mRNA fragments
	Â· Electrophoresis Movement ofmacromolecules in an electrical field

Answer

A.	Screening procedure used toassay DNA fragments
B.	Movement ofmacromolecules in an electrical field
C.	Screening procedure used toassay mRNA fragments
D.	DNA fragments generated byrestriction enzymes that vary in length betweenindividuals
E.	Technique used to generatecopies of a DNA fragment

A gene mutates, and theprotein produced has a novel way of interacting with the cell, andcreates a new phenotype because of this new functionality. This iscalled

Answer

		Â· pleitropy
		Â· locus heterogeneity
		Â· allelic heterogeneity
		Â· dominant negative mutation
		Â· gain of function dominant mutation

Question 62

Mutations in the somaticchromosomes may be inherited by the next generation.

Answer

Â· True

Â· False

A degenerate PCR primer withmany variant sequences must be used to make multiple copies of agene

Answer

		Â· if only the protein sequence of the gene productis known to construct the primers
		Â· if the DNA you are using is cDNA to constructthe primers
		Â· if the DNA you are using is genomic DNA to becopied
		Â· if the DNA you are trying to copy iscDNA
		Â· if the vector is prokaryotic and the transformedcell is eukarytotic

Question

Please select the best matchfor each term.

Answer

	Â· Restriction enzyme
	Â· PCR C
	Â· Plasmid
	Â· YAC A
	Â· Dideoxynucleotide

Answer

A.	Endonuclease isolated frombacteria
B.	Eukaryotic cloningvector
C.	Method for amplification ofDNA sequences
D.	Small circular fragment ofDNA
E.	Molecule used in DNAsequencing

Question

A couple goes on MauryPovitch, and the results are in: you are not the father. But noother man impregnated the female (granted, unlikely for a MauryPovitch guest, but work with me here) and he must be the father.DNA analysis claims otherwise, though the child definitely wasmom's (poor thing). What may be going on here?

Answer

		Â· the child is parthenogenic because the motheractually impregnated herself like a shark, and the child's DNA isall mom's
		Â· the child had a mutation that changed the genethat is used to trace paternity
		Â· the child is a mosaic because he is actually a setof twins fused early during fetal development, and therefore camefrom 2 eggs and 2 sperm
		Â· the dad may have germ-line mosaicism, meaning thatthe genotype of his sperm is different from his somaticgenotype
		Â· mitochondrial DNA only comes from mom, so there isno way to tell whobthe baby's father is

olivegoat308

BIOL3190 Lecture Notes - Lecture 14: Meiosis, Chromosome, Centimorgan

Document Summary

Get access

Related Documents

BIOL3190 Lecture Notes - Lecture 15: Dihybrid Cross, Null Hypothesis, Centimorgan

BIOL3190 Lecture Notes - Lecture 20: Cytosine, Hindiii, Reverse Transcriptase

BIOL3190 Lecture Notes - Lecture 1: Growth Factor, Prodrome, Genetic Disorder

Related Questions