BIO 2137 Lecture Notes - Lecture 1: Lithospermum Arvense, Lithospermum, Flax
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Case Study The USDA conducted a series of experiments to determine the effect of European Corn Borer (ECB) infestation on the yields of four different varieties of corn â Golden Crop and Super Crop, and their genetically modified derivatives GC- 110 and SC-113. The genetically modified organisms (GMO) were engineered to be insect-resistant. Each corn plant produces a single ear of corn, with the number of kernels per ear depending on growth conditions [Fig 1]. Many problems, including insect infestation [Fig 2], plant disease, extreme weather conditions, or poor soil conditions, can decrease kernel yield. For the purpose of the USDA investigation, yield is defined as the kernel weight per ear of corn. All corn plants in this study were grown under the same environmental conditions (ie, soil type, water amount and sunlight exposure); however, the level of ECB infestation was varied. The results of the investigation are given in Table 1.
Questions
Question 1
Which of the following statements best expresses the scientific question addressed by the USDA investigation (see attached file)? [2 pt; L2; I.A.1]
| How destructive is the ECB on four common corn varieties? | ||
| How effective are GMO corn varieties in reducing the loss of yield to ECB infestation? | ||
| What effect does GMO corn varieties have on the growth and development of ECB larvae? | ||
| Are GMO corn varieties more resistant to ECB infestation than non-modified corn varieties? |
2 points
Question 2
In the USDA investigation, what were the independent variables? Select all that apply â partial credit is not awarded! [2 pt; L2; I.A.2]
| The variety of corn plant used in the experiment. | ||
| The number of plants tested in each treatment. | ||
| The yield of kernels per ear of corn. | ||
| The level of ECB infestation. |
2 points
Question 3
In the USDA investigation, what was the dependent variable? [2 pt; L2; I.A.2]
| The level of ECB infestation. | ||
| The yield of kernels per ear of corn. | ||
| The number of plants tested in each treatment. | ||
| The type of soil and amounts of water and sunlight the plants received. |
2 points
Question 4
In the USDA investigation, which of the following were controlled variables? Select all that apply â partial credit is not awarded! [2 pt; L2; I.A.2]
| The type of soil in which the plants are grown. | ||
| The amount of water each plant received. | ||
| The yield of kernels per ear of corn. | ||
| The level of ECB infestation. |
2 points
Question 5
In the USDA investigation, what was the negative control? [2 pt; L2; I.A.2]
| Corn plants that were grown in the dark. | ||
| Corn plants that were not exposed to ECB infestation. | ||
| Corn plants that were grown with all-purpose plant food. | ||
| Corn plants that were genetically modified to prevent flowering. |
2 points
Question 6
In the USDA investigation, what were the levels of treatment? [2 pt; L2; I.A.2]
| amounts of sunlight and water provided to the plants | ||
| number of ears produced per plant | ||
| amount of food given to the plants | ||
| low and high ECB infestation |
What is one type of information that can be gathered by archeologists who are studying dental caries (cavities) of ancient populations?
| The types of tools used for planting/harvesting grains |
| How many children the person had |
| How many conflicts they have been part of |
| The time of year the person died |
| The type of plants they may have been consuming -------------- What is the difference between genetically-modified and transgenic crops?
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Norman Borlaug won the 1970 Nobel Peace Prize for:
| His discovery that plant secondary metabolites play a role in defending plants from insects and diseases. |
| Creating the FlavrSavr tomato. |
| His discovery of the area of origin for maize. |
| His work to create improved, high yield crop varieties that helped to prevent starvation. |
| Producing the first transgenic plant. Which of the following best demonstrates evolution?
The repeated domestication of grasses (i.e., cereals) and legumes across the globe is likely because:
What is one type of information that can be gathered by archeologists who are studying dental caries (cavities) of ancient populations?
In discussing the origin of agriculture, the term demographic stress refers to:
In what way did Harlanâs theory give rise to Diamondâs theory?
Brussel sprouts, cabbage, broccoli and cauliflower are all different varieties of the same species, Brassica oleracea. This group of plants demonstrates that crop breeding can lead to:
If a plant can grow well all by itself in the wild, yet still retains desirable agronomic traits, the plant is ____________________. Choose the single best answer The inability of plants to move makes it difficult for them to:
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Vavilov hypothesized that in a crop plant's area of origin we should expect:
| Greater diversity for trans-domesticated species, but lower diversity for species domesticated in their area of origin. |
| Lower genetic diversity than in areas outside of the plant's area of origin. |
| Lower diversity for trans-domesticated species, but greater diversity for species domesticated in their area of origin. |
| Greater herbivore damage because of increased genetic diversity. |
| Greater genetic diversity than in areas outside of the plant's area of origin. ______________________ compounds are produced by plants, but are not necessary for the plant's immediate survival. However, they often help protect plants from being eaten. What is the difference between classically bred varieties and landraces?
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