BIO 1140 Lecture Notes - Lecture 2: Beta Sheet, Cell Nucleus, Protein Structure

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periwinklemuskrat478

27 Sep 2016

School

University of Ottawa

Department

Biology

Course

BIO 1140

Professor

Caroline Petit- Turcotte

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Document Summary

Must break up the larger chains of sugar to create shorter chains of sugar. If you have larger chains, must package it more efficiently o o. Are involved with the outer membrane of a plant (cellulose) and animal cell (glycoproteins, glycolipids) Are involved with cellular recognitions and communication because glycoproteins and stuff like that are involved with recognition (antigens, blood type, etc) Are not involved with plasma membrane and fluidity. This is because fluidity is caused by cholesterol and cholesterol is found in the carbohydrate (specifically the sterol) Carbohydrates do not go through the membrane because they are not fat soluble. Water: has uneven distribution of atoms, oxygen is pulling the electrons off of both hydrogen"s o. The bond between oxygen and hydrogen is not 180 degrees, there"s an angle between the bonds known as a dipole moment. Dipole moment: a measurement of the separation of two oppositely charged charges.

Related Questions

20. All living things must maintain a constantinternal environment to function properly through the process of__. (Points : 2)

metamorphosis
alkalosis
homeostasis
cryogenesis

Question 21.21. Glucose, fructose, sucrose,starch and glycogen are all examples of ___. (Points : 2)

proteins
carbohydrates
lipids
nucleic acids

Question 22.22. Some insects can "walk onwater" because __. (Points : 2)

water has a high surfacetension
water is adhesive
water istransparent
water expands when itfreezes

Question 23.23. To overcome an energy barrierbetween reactants and products in a chemical reaction, energy mustbe provided to get the reaction started. This energy is called ___energy. (Points : 2)

potential
reaction
initiation
activation

Question 24.24. Where in the cell doesglycolysis takes place? (Points : 2)

lysosomes
cytoplasm
mitochondria
nucleus

Question 25.25. Photosynthesis uses sunlightto convert water and carbon dioxide into __. (Points : 2)

carbon dioxide andwater
oxygen and sugars
proteins and sugars
carbon dioxide andoxygen

Question 26.26. The _____ of photosynthesisare the _____ of cellular respiration. (Points : 2)

electrons, protons
pigments, products
products, reactants
elements, atoms

Question 27.27. The energy currency of thecell is __. (Points : 2)

glucose
ATP
starch
glycogen

Question 28.28. When blood glucose levelsdecrease (as between meals), what reserves are tapped first?(Points : 2)

glycogen
fats
steroids
amino acids

Question 29.29. When glucose is used as anenergy source, the largest amount of ATP is produced by the ____portion of the entire respiratory process. (Points : 2)

glycolytic
Kreb's cycle
acetyl-CoAformation
electron transportchain

Question 30.30. Pyruvic acid can be regardedas the end product of ____. (Points : 2)

glycolysis
fermentation
the Kreb cycle
the electron transportchain

Question 31.31. How can one increase the rateof a chemical reaction? (Points : 2)

Increase the activationenergy.
Cool the reactants.
Decrease the pH.
Add an enzyme(catalyst).

Question 32.32. A prokaryote has ___. (Points: 2)

membrane-boundorganelles
nucleus
mitochondria
a cell membrane

Question 33.33. Unlike animal cells, plantcells have __. (Points : 2)

cell membranes
cell walls
chromosomes
mitochondria

Question 34.34. Which of the followingrequires energy to move molecules across the cell membrane? (Points: 2)

diffusion
osmosis
active transport
passive transport

Question 35.35. The ___ is the site of proteinsynthesis. (Points : 2)

nucleus
ribosome
mitochondrion
cytoskeleton

Question 36.36. Diffusion of water through asemipermeable membrane is called __. (Points : 2)

osmosis
diffusion
active transport
passive transport

Question 37.37. Which component of a cellmembrane is likely to function as a transporter? (Points : 2)

cholesterol
lipids
proteins
carbohydrates

Question 38.38. If potato slice is placed indistilled water, the cells would most likely __. (Points : 2)

lose water and becomelimp
neither take up water orlose water
take up water andswell
transport water into thecell by active transport.

Question 39.39. The chloroplast functions in___. (Points : 2)

protein synthesis
lipid storage
DNA replication
photosynthesis

Question 40.40. The fluid mosaic modelpresents the modern view of ___. (Points : 2)

the cell membranestructure
chromosome movementduring mitosis
protein synthesis
ATP production

Question 41.41. During which stage of mitosisdo nucleoli reappear and the nuclear membrane reforms? (Points :2)

prophase
metaphase
anaphase
telophase

Question 42.42. During which stage of mitosisdo chromatids separate to form two sets of daughter chromosomes?(Points : 2)

prophase
metaphase
anaphase
telophase

Question 43.43. Which of the following is thelongest stage of mitosis? (Points : 2)

prophase
metaphase
anaphase
telophase

Question 44.44. When during the cell cycle isDNA replicated? (Points : 2)

metaphase
Synthesis phase (S)
G1
cytokinesis

Question 45.45. A cell with 10 chromosomesundergoes mitosis and cell division. How many daughter cells areproduced and what number of chromosomes do they have? (Points :2)

4 daughter cells, 20chromosomes each
4 daughter cells, 5chromosomes each
2 daughter cells, 10chromosomes each
2 daughter cells, 5chromosomes each

Question 46.46. Maize (corn) has a haploidnumber of 10. How many chromosomes are in a zygote of maize?(Points : 2)

5
10
20
Not enough informationprovided

Question 47.47. Crossing over is one of themost important events in meiosis because __. (Points : 2)

homologous chromosomesare separated into different daughter cells
the number of chromosomesallotted to each daughter cell must be halved
sister chromatids must beseparated into different daughter cells
it produces new arrays ofalleles on chromosomes and contributes to genetic diversity

Question 48.48. While viewing stained onionroot tip cells you notice that distinct chromosomes cannot beobserved in most of the cells. This is because most of the cells___. (Points : 2)

were killed whilepreparing the slide
are in Interphase
are in metaphase
are undergoingMeiosis

Question 49.49. Each offspring cell producedby binary fission contains __. (Points : 2)

half the chromosomes ofthe original cell
twice as many chromosomesas the original cell
an independent assortmentof the original cell's chromosomes
an identical copy of theoriginal cell's chromosome.

Question 50.50. A DNA strand has the sequenceA-C-A-G-C-C-G-T-A. What would be its complementary strand? (Points: 2)

G-T-G-A-T-T-A-C-G
A-C-A-G-C-C-G-T-A
T-G-T-C-G-G-C-A-T
U-G-U-C-G-G-C-A-U

erinmoose680

__________ are fairly small organelles that provide a safe place within the cell to carry out certain biochemical reactions that generate harmful, highly reactive oxygen species. These chemicals are both generated and broken down in the same location.

Lysosomes

Endosomes

Peroxisomes

Nucleosomes

Biologists cannot possibly study all living species. Instead, they try to understand cell behavior by studying a select subset of them. Which of the following characteristics are useful in an organism chosen for use as a model in laboratory studies?

rapid rate of reproduction

all of the above

ability to grow under controlled conditions

amenability to genetic manipulation

By definition, prokaryotic cells do not possess __________.

ribosomes.

a nucleus.

membrane bilayers.

replication machinery.

Cell biologists employ targeted fluorescent dyes or modified fluorescent proteins in both standard fluorescence microscopy and confocal microscopy to observe specific details in the cell. Even though fluorescence permits better visualization, the resolving power is essentially the same as that of a standard light microscope because the resolving power of a microscope is limited by the __________ of light.

intensity

absorption

wavelength

filtering

Choose the phrase that best completes this sentence: Microtubules ____________ and are required to pull duplicated chromosomes to opposite poles of dividing cells.

generate contractile forces

can rapidly reorganize

are found in especially large numbers in muscle cells

are intermediate in thickness

Despite the differences between eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells, prokaryotes have proteins that are distantly related to eukaryotic actin filaments and microtubules. What is likely to be the most ancient function of the cytoskeleton?

cell division

cell motility

vesicle transport

membrane support

DNA and RNA are different types of nucleic acid polymer. Which of the following is true of DNA but not true of RNA?

It contains thymine.

It has 5'-to-3' directionality.

It is single-stranded.

It contains uracil.

Double covalent bonds are both shorter and stronger than single covalent bonds, but they also limit the geometry of the molecule because they ____________________.

prevent additional bonds from being formed with the bonded atoms.

limit the rotation of the bonded atoms.

create a new arrangement of electron shells.

change the reactivity of the bonded atoms.

Drosophila melanogaster is a/an __________. This type of animal is the most abundant of all animal species, making it an appropriate choice as an experimental model.

mammal

amphibian

bird

insect

10.

If the isotope 32S has 16 protons and 16 neutrons, how many protons, neutrons, and electrons will the isotope 35S have, respectively?

16, 19, 17

16, 19, 15

16, 19, 16

16, 20, 15

11.

Living systems are incredibly diverse in size, shape, environment, and behavior. It is estimated that there are between 10 million and 100 million different species. Despite this wide variety of organisms, it remains difficult to define what it means to say something is alive. Which of the following can be described as the smallest living unit?

cell

organelle

protein

DNA

12.

Macromolecules in the cell can often interact transiently as a result of noncovalent interactions. These weak interactions also produce stable, highly specific interactions between molecules. Which of the factors below is the most significant in determining whether the interaction will be transient or stable?

the concentration of each molecule

the size of each molecule

surface complementarity between molecules

the rate of synthesis

13.

Many of the mechanisms that cells use for maintenance and reproduction were first studied at the molecular level in bacteria. Which bacterial species had a central role in advancing the field of molecular biology?

E. coli

S. pombe

C. elegans

D. melanogaster

14.

Many types of cells have stores of lipids in their cytoplasm, usually seen as fat droplets. What is the lipid most commonly found in these droplets?

cholesterol

isoprene

triacylglycerol

palmitic acid

15.

Mitochondria contain their own genome, are able to duplicate, and actually divide on a different time line from the rest of the cell. Nevertheless, mitochondria cannot function for long when isolated from the cell because they are __________________.

anaerobes.

viruses.

parasites.

endosymbionts.

16.

Mitochondria perform cellular respiration, a process that uses oxygen, generates carbon dioxide, and produces chemical energy for the cell. Which answer below indicates a correct pairing of material âburnedâ and the form of energy produced during cellular respiration?

17.

Polar covalent bonds are formed when the electrons in the bond are not shared equally between the two nuclei. Which one of these molecules contains polar bonds?