PSYC1030 Lecture Notes - Lecture 8: Twin, Standard Deviation, Abstraction
Psych Week 8
Lecture – Measurement and Intelligence
Tests:
• Aptitude
• Achievement
• Intelligence
• Personality
• Must be able to know if the test is standardised, reliable, valid, biased
Aspects:
• Standardisation – random sample for the average performance, who is the population, large
sample of adults, tells us how well someone has performed, use of standard deviation
• Reliability – a measure gives consistent measures on repeated measurements (alternate
forms, split-half, test-repeats)
• Validity – measuring what it is meant to measure (predictive, criterion, construct)
• Bias – having the same chances to perform, reflects groups which are more likely to perform
well
Measuring Intelligence:
• Created by Binet-Simon Scale (1905)
• Terman created IQ – mental age/chronological age x 100
• Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children/ Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale
Intelligence:
• Ability to learn and remember information
• Recognise concepts and their relations
• Abstract thinking
• General intelligence – underlies all mental capabilities
• Multiple intelligences – different domains of intellectual skills
• Two-factor Theory of Intelligence – Spearman, g factor (a general factor, cognition,
apprehension of experiences, eduction of relations, eduction of correlates) and s factor (a
factor specific to a given test)
• Rae’s Progressie Matries – matrices in order of increasing difficulty, identify the missing
elements, nonverbal test
Components of Intelligence:
• Comparing performances across the tests
• Factor analysis
• Thurstone – 56 tests with 7 factors (verbal compression, verbal fluency, number, spatial
visualisation, memory, reasoning, perception speed)
• Horn and Cattell – gf (fluid intelligence, culture fair tasks) and gc (crystallised intelligence,
require prior information) – specific aspects of g (general)
IQ Tests:
• Rely heavily on language
• Familiarity with material affected performances
• Culture-fair tests
• Generally about 0.85 accurate – perfect correlation is 1
• Reliability and validity
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Document Summary
Intelligence: personality, must be able to know if the test is standardised, reliable, valid, biased. Measuring intelligence: created by binet-simon scale (1905, terman created iq mental age/chronological age x 100, wechsler intelligence scale for children/ wechsler adult intelligence scale. Iq tests: rely heavily on language, familiarity with material affected performances, culture-fair tests, generally about 0. 85 accurate perfect correlation is 1, reliability and validity, success in school 0. 4 and 0. 75. Causes: genetic, shared environment, non-shared environmental, nature vs nurture. Social learning theories: thinking as a cause of personality, cognition is important, especially expectations, personality is the interaction of traits, thinking and the environment, reciprocal determinism. Humanistic approach: positive psychology maslow, personality expression of tendency to strive for fulfilment, needs organised in hierarchy. If needs are not met, cannot be motivated for the next level: self-actualisation, aesthetic needs, cognitive, esteem, attachment, safety, physiological, ca(cid:374)"t (cid:373)easure perso(cid:374)al gro(cid:449)th. Behavioural approach system (bas) more sensitive to rewards.
