PSYC104 Lecture Notes - Lecture 3: Clark L. Hull, Biomarker, Libido
30 May 2018
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Week 2 Motivation
Definitions
Emotion - a relatively brief response state involving synchronised physiological,
subjective and behavioural elements.
Motivation - psychological drives that propel us in a specific direction (particularly or wants
and our needs).
Biological drives (primary motives) - thirst, hunger, oxygen, sleep, temperature regulation,
waste elimination and sex
Social drives (secondary motives) - includes achievement, aggression, power, curiosity, play,
affiliation and autonomy.
Motivation-structure rules - strong similarities in communication across most animal
species. This suggests that certain aspects of emotion are linked to natural selection.
Display rules - Cross-cultural guidelines for how and when to express emotion. These rules
differ in societies, for example PDA is different in each culture.
Motivation
- Drives propel engagement in some behaviours (approach motivation)
- Drives repel engagement in other behaviours (avoidance motivation)
- Social obsession in boosting motivation (personal trainers, self-help books,
motivational speakers)
- However, while motivational speakers invigorate drivers, it does not work in the long
term
Freud Psychodynamic Perspective
- Theorised behaviours motivated by unconscious and conscious desires, which are
not in unison
- Three theoretical constructs
1) Id: unconscious level, instinctual, irrational drivers, Eros (sex drives) and Thanatos
(aggressive behaviours)
2) Superego: morally responsible drives, operates at preconscious level
3) Ego: conscious, rational mind, ensures id and superego drives manifest appropriately
- Criticism of unobservable unconscious desires. How can we measure them?
- Thematic Apperception (TATs) claimed to measure our unconscious desires
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- Longitudinal study 1950-1962 in a self-report of motives and a psychosocial
adjustment: income, job, marriage, drug use
- TAT assessed achievement, power, affiliation and intimacy motivation
- Results concluded that achievement (assessed by TAT) more predictive of long term
success than self-report
Discrete Emotions Theory
Humans experience small numbers of distinct emotions, even if they combine in complex
ways. Advocates of this theory propose that emotions have distinct biological roots and
sere eolutioar futios. Eah eotio is assoiated ith a otor progra: a set of
responses that are essentially the same in all people.
Evolutionary Basis of Emotions
Some emotional expressions emerge even without direct enforcement suggesting that they
may be by-products of motor programs. E.g. babies cry when they are left alone and smile
when they see a familiar face. Or when we are afraid are eyes open wider to spot potential
dangers, which is similar between humans and animals.
Cross-Cultural Emotions
Primary emotions - anger, disgust, fear, happiness, sadness, contempt and surprise
which are cross-culturally universal.
Secondary emotions - Theorists believe that our brains create an array of secondary
eotios fro priar eotios. For eaple, alar a e a i of fear ad surprise.
Accompaniments of emotion - each primary emotion is associated with a distinct
constellation of facial expressions. For example, anger includes a curled lip and narrow
eyebrows.
Emotions and physiology - specific emotions alter our bodily reactions in characteristic ways.
For example, heart rates increase when fearful or angry.
Real Vs Fake Emotions
Emotional theorist distinguish genuine emotional expression called the Duchenne smile (real
happiness) from fake emotion Pan Am smile (pretending happiness). This is distinguished by
the movement of the mouth and eyes (real happiness is seen in the drooping of the eyelids
and crinkling in the corners of the eyes). According to a study at UNSW, individuals are more
likely to accept fake emotions when they are in a good mood.
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Cognitive Theories of Emotion: Think first, feel later
Cognitive theories of emotion - emotions are a product of thinking. For example, an
upcoming job interview can either be stressful or a challenge.
James-Lange theory of emotion - proposes that emotions are a result of our interpretations
of our bodily reactions to stimuli. One of the oldest cognitive theories of emotion. For
eaple, fear doest cause us to run away, we are afraid because we run away.
Somatic marker theory - proposes that e use our gut reatios to help us deterie ho
we should act, especially in our autonomic responses. For example, if we feel our heart
racing and we are sweating, we use that information to determine what to do next.
However, this has little proof.
Cannon-Bard theory of emotion - proposes that an emotion-provoking event leads
simultaneously to emotion and to bodily reactions. Cannon and Bard pointed out several
flas to Jaess ad Lages reasoig. The oted that ost phsiologial hanges occur
too slowly to trigger emotional reactions and that we are not aware of our bodily functions,
like contraction sin the stomach. Thus, we can not use them to infer our emotions.
Two-factor theory of emotion - proposes that two psychological events are required to
produce an emotion:
1) After encountering an emotion-provoking event, we experience an alertness in
emotion
2) Once we attribute the emotion to an occurrence, we experience emotion. We then
label this occurrence to an emotion
Drive Reduction Theory
- One of the most influential motivational concepts in psychology formulated by Clark
Hull (1943)
- Proposes that certain drives (like hunger, thirst and sexual frustration) motivate us to
act in ways that minimise aversive states
- These drives are unpleasant, but the satisfaction is pleasurable
- Some drives are hierarchical (thirst > hunger)
- Evolutionary theory drives us to ensure our survival and reproduction
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find more resources at oneclass.com
Document Summary
Emotion - a relatively brief response state involving synchronised physiological, subjective and behavioural elements. Motivation - psychological drives that propel us in a specific direction (particularly or wants and our needs). Biological drives (primary motives) - thirst, hunger, oxygen, sleep, temperature regulation, waste elimination and sex. Social drives (secondary motives) - includes achievement, aggression, power, curiosity, play, affiliation and autonomy. Motivation-structure rules - strong similarities in communication across most animal species. This suggests that certain aspects of emotion are linked to natural selection. Display rules - cross-cultural guidelines for how and when to express emotion. These rules differ in societies, for example pda is different in each culture. Drives propel engagement in some behaviours (approach motivation) Drives repel engagement in other behaviours (avoidance motivation) Social obsession in boosting motivation (personal trainers, self-help books, motivational speakers) However, while motivational speakers invigorate drivers, it does not work in the long term.
