ACCG100 Lecture Notes - Lecture 6: Sole Proprietorship, Retained Earnings, Financial Accounting

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maroonbutterfly970

1 Sep 2018

School

Macquarie University

Department

Accounting and Corporate Governance

Course

ACCG100

Professor

All

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Week 6: Financial accounting for business; closing entries

Accounts in closing process

- Temporary accounts : relate only to a given accounting period

➔ Eg revenues, expenses, drawings/dividends

➔ Eg P&L summary account

➔ They must be ‘closed’ to zero

- Permanent (real) accounts : are carried forward to future accounting periods

➔ Eg assets, liabilities, equity (capital, retained earnings)

Closing entries

They are journal entries that effectively ‘close’ all temporary accounts to permanent equity

accounts (capital, retained earnings) at the end of accounting period

- P&L summary account (special temporary account) : this account is created to

facilitate closing process

➔ Income and expenses accounts begin next period with a zero balance

➔ Have P&L summary account to see impact on owners equity

Four steps in the closing process;

1. Close all ‘income’ accounts to P&L summary account

DR Income

CR P&L

debit as income has a natural CR balance

2. Close all ‘expense’ accounts to P&L summary account

DR P&L

CR Expenses

credit as expense has a natural DR balance

3. (sole trader) close ‘P&L’ to capital

DR P&L

CR Capital

profit

DR Capital

CR P&L

loss

4. (sole trader) close ‘drawings’ to capital

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Document Summary

Week 6: financial accounting for business; closing entries. Temporary accounts : relate only to a given accounting period. Permanent (real) accounts : are carried forward to future accounting periods. Eg assets, liabilities, equity (capital, retained earnings) They are journal entries that effectively close" all temporary accounts to permanent equity accounts (capital, retained earnings) at the end of accounting period. P&l summary account (special temporary account) : this account is created to facilitate closing process. Income and expenses accounts begin next period with a zero balance. Have p&l summary account to see impact on owners equity. Four steps in the closing process: close all income" accounts to p&l summary account. Cr p&l debit as income has a natural cr balance: close all expense" accounts to p&l summary account. Cr expenses credit as expense has a natural dr balance: (sole trader) close p&l" to capital. Cr p&l loss: (sole trader) close drawings" to capital.

Related Questions

Chandler, Inc. is owned by Roscoe Chandler and providesappraisal services to individuals and companies wishing to purchaseand sell fine art. Chandler, Inc. began business on January 1,2016, and is just completing its first year of business. Roscoeasks for your help in completing the accounting cycle for thecompany by assisting with the closing process.

Before the closing entries are made, you begin with an adjustedtrial balance. The closing entries are essentially the link fromthe adjusted trial balance to the post-closing trial balance.

Chandler, Inc.

ADJUSTED TRIAL BALANCE

December 31, 2016

	ACCOUNTTITLE	DEBIT	CREDIT
1	Cash	76,000.00
2	Accounts Receivable	29,000.00
3	Prepaid Insurance	16,000.00
4	Equipment	60,000.00
5	Accumulated Depreciation-Equipment		40,000.00
6	Accounts Payable		6,000.00
7	Salaries Payable		8,000.00
8	Income Taxes Payable		4,000.00
9	Common Stock		2,000.00
10	Retained Earnings		18,000.00
11	Dividends	5,000.00
12	Income Summary
13	Fees Earned		175,600.00
14	Rent Revenue		92,000.00
15	Interest Revenue		17,200.00
16	Salaries Expense	71,000.00
17	Selling Expense	25,600.00
18	Income Taxes Expense	15,000.00
19	Depreciation Expense-Equipment	47,200.00
20	Insurance Expense	17,000.00
21	Miscellaneous Expense	1,000.00
22	Totals	362,800.00	362,800.00

The final step of the accounting cycle is the closing process.The main goal of this stage of the cycle is to ensure that thebalance of each temporary account is returned to zero and that netincome is transferred to the retained earnings account. The firststep in successfully undertaking the closing process is tounderstand the difference between a temporary account and apermanent account. Roscoe has some questions about the process.

Answer questions (1) - (3) below.

1. If a temporary account has an ending balance of $57,000, whatis its beginning balance for the following accounting period?

2. If a permanent account has an ending balance of $57,000, whatis its beginning balance for the following accounting period?

3. Roscoe will be preparing his yearly financial statementsafter completing Chandler, Inc.âs closing process, and is asomewhat confused about the characteristics of the accounts on hisChart of Accounts. He has started by creating the chart below, andasks for your help in completing it. For each account or type ofaccount listed, choose all descriptions that apply.

Temporary Account

Permanent Account

Closed to Income SummaryAccount

Yes

Revenues

Asset accounts

Retained Earnings account

Expenses

Liability accounts

Dividends account

Roscoe has attempted to prepare the closing entries forChandler, Inc. on this panel. Heâs not sure if heâs entered thejournal entries correctly, and asks you to review them. You findthat two of the entries are correct, but two are incorrect.

Determine which entries are incorrect, and enter all four of theclosing entries for Chandler, Inc. as of Dec. 31 on the Journalpanel.

PAGE 25

JOURNAL

	DATE	DESCRIPTION	DEBIT	CREDIT
1		Closing Entries
2	Dec. 31	Income Summary	284,800.00
3		Fees Earned		175,600.00
4		Rent Revenue		92,000.00
5		Interest Revenue		17,200.00
6	31	Income Summary	176,800.00
7		Salaries Expense		71,000.00
8		Selling Expense		25,600.00
9		Income Taxes Expense		15,000.00
10		Depreciation Expense-Equipment		47,200.00
11		Insurance Expense		17,000.00
12		Miscellaneous Expense		1,000.00
13	31	Retained Earnings	461,600.00
14		Income Summary		461,600.00
15	31	Retained Earnings	5,000.00
16		Dividends		5,000.00

purpleporcupine232

QUESTION 1

Accounting is an information and measurement system thatidentifies, records, and communicates relevant, reliable, andcomparable information about an organization's businessactivities.

True

False

QUESTION 2

We use the accounting equation to identify what a company ownsand owes. The accounting equation is:

Assets = Liabilities + Equity

Assets = Liabilities â Equity

Assets = Liabilities + Revenues

Equity = Liabilities + Revenues

QUESTION 3

______ are beliefs that distinguish right from wrong. Thesebeliefs are accepted standards of gauging good and dishonestbehavior.

Accounting Standards

Ethics

Generally Accepted Accounting Principles

FASB

QUESTION 4

The _____ is a collection of all accounts within a companyâsaccounting system.

We use the accounting equation to identify what a company ownsand owes. _____ are resources a company owns or controls, _____ areclaims creditors have against a companyâs assets, and _____ is theownerâs claim on a companyâs assets.

QUESTION 6

In double entry accounting a credit to an asset account willrepresent an increase in the asset account balance; and a debitwill represent a decrease in the asset account balance.

True

False

QUESTION 7

The purchase of supplies on credit will ____ assets and ____liabilities.

During the accounting cycle, we analyze transactions toprepare statements.

True

False

QUESTION 9

The supplies account for a company has a $1,000 debit balanceat the beginning of the year. Supplies of $2,000 were purchasedduring the year and debited to the Supplies account. A December 31physical count shows $500 of supplies remaining at the end of theyear. Assume no other adjusting entries are made during the year.Using the 3-step process for creating adjusting entries, calculatethe adjustment amount for supplies (no journal entry isrequired).

During the accounting cycle, to complete step 7 youwould:

Prepare post-closing trial balance--Test clerical accuracy ofthe closing procedures.

Prepare adjusted trial balance--Summarize adjusted ledgeraccounts and amounts.

Prepare statements--Use adjusted trial balance to preparefinancial statements.

Close--Journalize and post entries to close temporaryaccounts.

QUESTION 11

The three financial statements that should be prepared duringthe accounting cycle are the:

Balance sheet, adjusted trial balance, income statement

Balance sheet, unadjusted trial balance, Statement of OwnerâsEquity

Income statement, adjusted trial balance, Statement of OwnerâsEquity

Balance sheet, Income statement, Statement of OwnerâsEquity

QUESTION 12

An optional working paper, which is not a required report oran accounting record, but is used to prepare a company's unadjustedtrial balance, adjusting entries, adjusted trial balance, andfinancial statements is a(n):

Adjusted trial balance

Worksheet

Post-closing trial balance

Unadjusted trial balance

General ledger

QUESTION 13

The two goals for completing the closing process are:

To identify accounts for closing and record the closingentries

To journalize and post transactions

To post transactions and prepare post-closing trialbalance

To reset revenues, expenses, and withdrawal account balancesto zero at the end of each period, and help summarize an accountingperiodâs revenues and expenses.

QUESTION 14

Fill in the Blank: The _____ describes a companyâs financialposition â by the types and amounts of assets, liabilities, andequity -- at a point in time.

QUESTION 15

Return on Assets is useful in evaluating management, analyzingand forecasting profits, and planning activities.

True

False

QUESTION 16

The Income Statement:

Identifies cash inflows (receipts) and cash outflows(payments) over a period-of-time.

Summarize adjusted ledger accounts and amounts

Describes a companyâs revenues and expenses along with theresulting net income or net loss -- over a period-of-time due toearnings activities

Resets revenues, expenses, and withdrawal account balances tozero at the end of each period.

QUESTION 17

An internal control system consists of the policies andprocedures used to:

Protect assets and Ensure reliable accounting

Urge adherence to company policies and Promote efficientoperations

All of the above

None of the above.

QUESTION 18

The cost-benefit principle is the second limitation of_______.

Bank reconciliations

Petty cash controls

Voucher system of controls

Internal controls

QUESTION 19

The Unadjusted Trial Balance columns of a company's work sheetshows the Store Supplies account with a balance of $750. TheAdjustments columns shows a credit of $425 for supplies used duringthe period. The amount shown as Store Supplies in the Balance Sheetcolumns of the work sheet is:

A company shows a $600 balance in Prepaid Rent in theUnadjusted Trial Balance columns of the work sheet. The Adjustmentscolumns show expired rent of $200. This adjusting entry resultsin:

$200 decrease to net income

$200 increase to net income

$200 different between the debit and credit columns of theUnadjusted Trial Balance

An error in the Balance Sheet

QUESTION 21

This semester we have discussed four major financialstatements. List the 4 financial statements and describe them. Makesure to include how they flow together.

QUESTION 22

Explain the purpose of adjusting entries at the end of aperiod.

peararmadillo281

Recording Transactions (Including Adjusting and Closing Entries), Preparing Financial Statements, and Performing Ratio Analysis

Josh and Kelly McKay began operations of their furniture repair shop (Furniture Refinishers, Inc.) on January 1, 2016. The annual reporting period ends December 31. The trial balance on January 1, 2017, was as follows:

Account Titles	Debit	Credit
Cash	â5,000
Accounts receivable	â4,000
Supplies	â2,000
Small tools	â6,000
Equipment
Accumulated depreciation (on equipment)
Other assets (not detailed to simplify)	â9,000
Accounts payable		â7,000
Notes payable
Wages payable
Interest payable
Income taxes payable
Unearned revenue
Common stock (60,000 shares, $0.10 par value)		â6,000
Additional paid-in capital		â9,000
Retained earnings		â4,000
Service revenue
Depreciation expense
Wages expense
Interest expense
Income tax expense
Remaining expenses (not detailed to simplify)
âTotals	26,000	26,000

Transactions during 2017 follow:

A.Borrowed $20,000 cash on July 1, 2017, signing a one-year, 10 percent note payable.

B.Purchased equipment for $18,000 cash on July 1, 2017.

C.Sold 10,000 additional shares of capital stock for cash at $0.50 market value per share at the beginning of the year.

D.Earned $70,000 in revenues for 2017, including $14,000 on credit and the rest in cash.

E.Incurred remaining expenses of $35,000 for 2017, including $7,000 on credit and the rest paid with cash.

F.Purchased additional small tools, $3,000 cash.

G.Collected accounts receivable, $8,000.

H.Paid accounts payable, $11,000.

I..Purchased $10,000 of supplies on account.

J.Received a $3,000 deposit on work to start January 15, 2018.

K.Declared and paid a cash dividend, $10,000.

Data for adjusting entries:

L.Supplies of $4,000 and small tools of $8,000 were counted on December 31, 2017 (debit Remaining Expenses).

M.Depreciation for 2017, $2,000.

N.Interest accrued on notes payable (to be computed).

O.Wages earned since the December 24 payroll but not yet paid, $3,000.

P.Income tax expense was $4,000, payable in 2018.

Required:

1.Set up T-accounts for the accounts on the trial balance and enter beginning balances.

2.Prepare journal entries for transactions (a) through (k) and post them to the T-accounts.

3.Journalize and post the adjusting entries (l) through (p).

4.Prepare an income statement (including earnings per share rounded to two decimal places), statement of stockholdersâ equity, and balance sheet.

5.Identify the type of transaction for (a) through (k) for the statement of cash flows (O for operating, I for investing, F for financing), and the direction and amount of the effect.

6.Journalize and post the closing entry.

7.Compute the following ratios (rounded to two decimal places) for 2017 and explain what the results suggest about the company:

a,Current ratio

b,Total asset turnover

c,Net profit margin

greyscorpion846

ACCG100 Lecture Notes - Lecture 6: Sole Proprietorship, Retained Earnings, Financial Accounting

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