ACCG100 Lecture Notes - Lecture 3: Alore, Accounting Equation, Accrual

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taupemole7

11 May 2018

School

Macquarie University

Department

Accounting and Corporate Governance

Course

ACCG100

Professor

Colly He

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Recognise and record transactions  Journalise transaction  Post to ledger accounts

Financial Accounting for Business: Accounting Cycle and Double-Entry Accounting

The Accounting Cycle

Transaction records are important and necessary as they allow the creation of financial statements. Failing

to have records leads to a misstatement of assets, liabilities, revenues, expenses and equity.

Most sizable businesses use computerised accounting systems, which handles the recording process, from

initial data entry to preparation of the financial statements. But, accounting information systems vary widely

and are shaped by:

• the nature of the business,

• the types of transactions

• the size of the business,

• the volume of data

• ad uses ifoatio deads

These accounting systems are continually updated and improved to provide accurate and timely data for

decision making, and allow businesses to remain competitive. Continual developments in technology allow

for greater speed and efficiency in sharing information

Although it is possible to enter transaction information directly into the accounts, few businesses do so.

Practically every business uses these three basic steps in the recording process:

1. Analyse each transaction in terms of its effect on the accounts: only transactions that have an effect

on the assets, liabilities or equity items of a business are recorded. Evidence of external transactions

comes in a source document to support entries in accounting records. E.g. a purchase order, a

purchase invoice, a cheque, cash register tape or a sales invoice. Each source document is analysed

to determine the effect of the transaction on specific accounts. This is an important element in the

control system.

2. Enter the transaction information in a journal.

3. Transfer the journal information to the appropriate accounts in the ledger.

Transactions

External Transactions

• Involve an outside party

• Exchange of economic resources and/or obligations

Internal Transactions

• Transformation of economic resources

• An example is the use of office supplies

Non-Transactional Events

• Not usually recorded, but may be in the future, e.g. receiving an order from a customer

Common Accounts used in Recording (ALORE)

(A) Asset Accounts: resources controlled by entity (produce economic benefit for the entity itself)

• Cash at bank, (coins, notes and bank accounts)

• Accounts receivable (money to be receivable in the future, e.g. interest from bank account)

• Inventory (stocks held to be sold later – purpose of reselling them, service providers might not have

inventory – not every business has inventory)

• Prepaid expenses (e.g. insurance, opal cards, paid for, but not having enjoyed the benefit yet)

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Recognise and record transactions  Journalise transaction  Post to ledger accounts

• Land

• Buildings

• Plant and equipment

(L) Liability Accounts: future sacrifices of economic benefits

• Accounts payable (money to be paid to other businesses in the future, e.g. loans)

• Unearned revenue/revenue received in advance (services owed if payment is made in account by

customers) (accrued expenses?)

• Loan payable

• Mortgage payable

• Interest payable

(o) Equity Accounts: claims of owners – oes euit

• Capital (the owner share of the business)

• Drawings or Withdrawals (contra equity)– what the owner(s) take for their personal use.

• share capital

• retained earnings – Retained Earnings = Balance + profits / losses – dividends.

• dividends - Dividends result in a reduction of the shareholders' claims on retained earnings.

• revenues and expenses.

(R) Revenue (or income) Accounts: sales and other increases in equity

• Sales revenue

• Interest revenue

(E) Expense Accounts: cost of assets consumed or services used

• Salary expense

• Electricity expense

• Rent expense

Double Entry Accounting

The universally used double-entry system records every transaction in appropriate accounts, where at least

two accounts are affected by each transaction to balance the accounting equation. In the T-account form,

having increases on one side and decreases on the other side reduces recording errors and helps in

determining the side totals as well as the balance. This system is logical, efficient, and ensures accuracy.

An account consists of three parts:

(1) the name of the account,

(2) On the left, a debit side (Dr)

(3) On the right, a credit side (Cr)

The accounting equation must always balance. Therefore, each transaction has a dual (double-sided) effect

on the equation, affecting TWO or more accounts. E.g. if an asset is increased, there must be a:

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Document Summary

Financial accounting for business: accounting cycle and double-entry accounting. Transaction records are important and necessary as they allow the creation of financial statements. Failing to have records leads to a misstatement of assets, liabilities, revenues, expenses and equity. Most sizable businesses use computerised accounting systems, which handles the recording process, from initial data entry to preparation of the financial statements. But, accounting information systems vary widely and are shaped by: the nature of the business, the types of transactions the size of the business, the volume of data: a(cid:374)d use(cid:396)s(cid:859) i(cid:374)fo(cid:396)(cid:373)atio(cid:374) de(cid:373)a(cid:374)ds. These accounting systems are continually updated and improved to provide accurate and timely data for decision making, and allow businesses to remain competitive. Continual developments in technology allow for greater speed and efficiency in sharing information. Although it is possible to enter transaction information directly into the accounts, few businesses do so. Evidence of external transactions comes in a source document to support entries in accounting records.

Related Questions

Question 1

Identify the item below that is not one of the four different types of data processing activities.

		deleting
		reading
		creating
		using

Question 2

All of the following are advantages of an ERP system except

		ERPs permit manufacturing plants to receive new orders in real time.
		in an ERP, data input is captured or keyed once.
		it takes considerable experience and training to use an ERP system effectively.
		ERPs permit management to gain greater visibility into every area of the enterprise.

Question 3

Sam Jones has been the controller of Downtown Tires for 25 years. Ownership of the firm recently changed hands and the new owners are conducting an audit of the financial records. The audit has been unable to reproduce financial reports that were prepared by Sam. While there is no evidence of wrongdoing, the auditors are concerned that the discrepancies might contribute to poor decisions. Which of the following characteristics of useful information is absent in the situation described above?

		relevant
		reliable
		complete
		timely
		understandable
		verifiable
		accessible

Question 4

An ERP system might facilitate the purchase of direct materials by all of the following except

		preparing a purchase order when inventory falls to reorder point.
		routing a purchase order to a purchasing agent for approval.
		communicating a purchase order to a supplier.
		selecting the best supplier by comparing bids.

Question 5

Antia Carmie is the largest collector and retailer of Japanese fans in the St. Louis area. Antia uses computer technology to provide superior customer service. The store's database system was designed to make detailed information about each Japanese fan easily accessible to her customers. Accordingly, the fan price and condition are provided for each fan, along with many pictures of each fan. In Antia's database, the price of the Japanese fans is a(n)

		entity.
		attribute.
		field.
		record.

Question 6

Which of the following is not considered a source document?

		A copy of the company's shipping document.
		A copy of the company's ledger.
		A copy of the company's sales journal.
		A copy of the company's financial statements.

Question 7

In an ERP system, the module used to record data about transactions in the disbursement cycle is called

		financial.
		order to cash.
		customer relationship management.
		purchase to pay.

Question 8

Baggins Incorporated identifies new product development and product improvement as the top corporate goals. An employee developed an innovation that will correct a shortcoming in one of the company's products. Although Baggins current Return on Investment (ROI) is 12%, the product innovation is expected to generate ROI of only 10%. As a result, awarding bonuses to employees based on ROI resulted in

		goal conflict.
		information overload.
		decreased value of information.
		goal congruence.

Question 9

________ are examples of activities that constitute inbound logistics.

		Activities that transform inputs into final products or services
		Activities that provide post-sale support to customers
		Activities that consist of receiving, storing, and distributing the materials used as inputs by the organization to create goods and/or services it sells
		Activities that help customers to buy the organization's products or services

Question 10

In which transaction cycle would information for inventory purchases be most likely to pass between internal and external accounting information systems?

		the revenue cycle
		the expenditure cycle
		the human resources / payroll cycle
		the financing cycle

Question 11

The collection of customer payment is part of which transaction cycle?

		the human resources cycle
		the production cycle
		the revenue cycle
		the expenditure cycle

Question 12

Which of the following is an example of source data automation?

		POS (point-of-sale) scanners in retail stores
		a bill of lading
		a subsidiary ledger
		a utility bill

Question 13

All of the following are guidelines for developing a good coding system except

		be as sophisticated as possible to promote usage.
		be consistent with its intended use.
		be flexible to allow for growth.
		be consistent with the company's organization structure.

Question 14

What is a key decision that needs to be made with regards to borrowing money from lenders?

		the location
		pro forma income statement
		how much capital to acquire
		job descriptions

Question 15

Identify the false statement below.

		A service company does not have an inventory system.
		Retail stores do not have a production cycle.
		Financial institutions have installment-loan cycles.
		Every organization should implement every transaction cycle module.

Question 16

The chart of accounts of a fast-food restaurant would probably include

		a list of customers.
		a list of financial statement accounts.
		a list of vendors.
		a list of employees.

Question 17

Which statement below regarding the AIS is false?

		Traditionally, most AIS have been designed so that both financial and operational data are stored in a manner that facilitates their integration in reports.
		The AIS must be able to provide managers with detailed and operational information about the organization's performance.
		Both traditional financial measures and operational data are required for proper and complete evaluation of performance.
		The AIS was often just one of the information systems used by an organization to collect and process financial and nonfinancial data.

Question 18

In Petaluma, California, electric power is provided to consumers by Pacific Power. Each month Pacific Power mails bills to 186,000 households and then processes payments as they are received. What is the best way for this business to ensure that payment data entry is efficient and accurate?

		well-designed paper forms
		turnaround documents
		source data automation
		sequentially numbered bills

Question 19

Data must be converted into information to be considered useful and meaningful for decision making. There are seven characteristics that make information both useful and meaningful. If the same information can be reproduced by two independent and knowledgeable people, it is representative of the characteristic of

		verifiability.
		truthful.
		relevance.
		reliability.

Question 20

		entity.
		attribute.
		field.
		record.

lilaccod491

(ACCOUNTING INFORMATION SYSTEM)

Business scenario:

The model enterprise in this study is Euphoria Event Management Company (EEMC). As one of the major players in the event management industry, it provides a one-stop wedding service, organizes birthday parties, manages various kinds of celebrations and thus offers catering services based on the requirements of the customers. Due to this, the company handles multiple food inventory sales and purchases transactions and often slipped off the appropriate tracking and consumption of costs. Moreover, since it is classified as SME (small to medium-sized enterprise), it often fails to appreciate the importance of internal control in its daily operations.

The revenue cycle system at EEMC

The steps and procedures implemented within the revenue cycle of the company can generally be explained as follows:

1) Sales executive receives customer order by phone, fax or from a meeting.

2) She forwards the customer order to the kitchen department with details on quantities of food inventory needed and the date of delivery to customer.

3) The kitchen supervisor issues a Sales Order or sometimes a Packing Slip for the food order. Using this document, EEMC delivers the goods to customer.

4) Upon receiving the food, customer stamps and signs the Sales Order/Packing Slip.

5) One month after the delivery date, the accounts clerk at EEMC bills the food with Sales Invoice (stamp-duty receipt with authorized signature). The customer takes the original invoice while the company gets the copy of invoice and stamped receipt generated by the customer.

6) Two month after the delivery date, the accounts clerk makes a courtesy call to customer on the payment due.

7) Customer makes payment either using a cheque/clearing deposit slip or via a bank transfer.

8) As evidence of payment, the accounts clerk requests the original payment document (receipts or cheque stub) from

the customer or just check the transaction from the bank statements.

9) The accounts clerk records the sales transaction and the amount of sales in the general ledger. She also keeps the revenue cycle related documents as proof of the transaction.

The expenditure cycle system at EEMC

The steps and procedures implemented within the revenue cycle of the company can generally be explained as follows:

1) EEMC sets the budget for inventory purchase.

2) The Bill of Materials/Purchase Requisition document is created.

3) The procurement officer invites interested suppliers to quote their inventory price.

4) The procurement officer compares the quotation (price) of inventory among the various suppliers and appoints the

supplier who offers lowest price that commensurate with the desired quality of food. Appointment is usually conveyed by phone or fax.

5) When the food inventory arrives at the warehouse, the accounts clerk checks the quantity and the quality of inventory to confirm the order with the Bill of Materials.

6) Next, the supplierâs invoice (no Packing Slip from supplier, so the inventory is delivered with the invoice) is signed and the copy is taken and kept at the accounts department.

7) Between one to two weeks after the receipt of inventory, the accounts clerk confirms and pays for the purchases via a bank transfer. EEMC keeps the original receipt.

8) The accounts clerk records the purchase transaction and the amounts of obligation paid in the general ledger. She also keeps the expenditure cycle related documents as proof of the transaction.

Instructions:

Using the above information on EEMC operation and your knowledge on systems documentation techniques , draw the possible data flow diagrams to explain the revenue cycle and expenditure cycle.

2. Analyse and identify potential weaknesses in the current revenue and expenditure cycle implemented by the company.

3. Evaluate and comment on the internal control system related to the revenue cycle and expenditure cycle of the company. For each of the cycle, your answers must relate to the organizational control, documentation control and management practice control.

4. Using your own knowledge and creativity, suggest at least 3 ways to strengthen the documentation process and procedures using only the limited information given above.

5. Provide specific recommendations on how to overcome the discovered potential weaknesses on the organizational structure and authority of the company.

turquoisegrasshopper706

The following is a transcript of a video

This video explores the vital role of accounting in one of the world's largest firms. Aon is a reinsurance broker, insurance broker, and employee benefits consultant operating in more than 120 countries. Its goal of being the world's most responsive and client-focused insurance company means it must integrate thousands of professionals in hundreds of disciplines in many countries.

Many view accounting as a primary business language. It is of little use, however, unless you know how to "speak" it. Fortunately, the fundamentalsâthe accounting equation and the double-entry bookkeeping systemâare not difficult to learn.

0:01Clearly, in the financial world,

0:03if you want to be an effective accountant,

0:05you just can't be a numbers person.

0:07You also have to understand people.

0:09You need to know how to debate and hold your

0:11position on the arguments that you take.

0:14âªâª

0:34-Narr: You might not have heard of Aon.

0:36They've brokered deals between clients

0:38and more famous insurance companies.

0:40They often even insure

0:42those insurance companies.

0:45In fact, the only building taller than the

0:47Aon building in Chicago is the Sears Tower.

0:50With over 550 offices in 130 countries,

0:55there's a lot of money involved

0:56and a lot of numbers to keep straight.

0:58So who does all that math?

1:00Well, that's easy.

1:01The pencil pushers, the number crunchers,

1:03bean counters, right?

1:05Accountants are traditionally thought of as

1:07humorless people who type into

1:09pocket calculators all day.

1:11Nothing could be farther from the truth.

1:13Accountants are actually some of the most

1:15important and influential people in business,

1:18and Joe Prochaska is probably

1:20the most important accountant at Aon.

1:23Accounting is the process of recording,

1:25categorizing and interpreting financial

1:28transactions, but there are more creative

1:30aspects to accounting than mere bookkeeping.

1:32That's why Joe is usually smiling.

1:35-Oh, yeah, and my staff is learning to smile.

1:37It's very rarely that they see

1:39me frown, okay, but there are

1:40different kinds of smiles.

1:42-At Aon, managerial accountants interpret

1:46financial data for a company's internal use.

1:49Financial accountants such as CPAs summarize

1:52that information for outside parties

1:54like potential investors.

1:56At the end of the year, Joe uses

1:58a tax accountant to assure that

2:00Aon is in full compliance with

2:02changing tax laws, and to assure that Aon is

2:05taking advantage of the best tax strategies.

2:08But Joe gets the lion's share of the duties

2:10when it comes to Aon's financial information.

2:13-The role I play in the process of handling

2:16all these inputs is reviewing all the reports

2:20that come in so that when our management

2:22takes a look at those financial statements,

2:24they can have some assurance that they're

2:26looking at this as our shareholders will be

2:30looking at it when we

2:31present the information.

2:34-Did you know that every book

2:35you've ever read,

2:36every comic strip, poem and Web page,

2:39has its roots in accounting?

2:40That's because the earliest

2:42written languages were created

2:44to keep track of financial transactions.

2:46Every world culture engages

2:48in some form of trade,

2:49and Aon operates in most of those places.

2:53-The information we get

2:54on a monthly and a quarterly basis

2:56from our different operations around the globe

2:59is stated in a variety of currencies,

3:01yet Aon is a U.S.-based company that publishes

3:05its financials in U.S. dollars.

3:07There's a requirement for some assurance from

3:11a party outside the management

3:12of the company that you've done

3:15a fair job in presenting your financials,

3:17that they've been presented reasonably

3:20and in a consistent manner.

3:23-That's why the

3:24Financial Accounting Standards Board created

3:26the Generally Accepted Accounting Principles,

3:29to help everyone get on the same page

3:31with their accountant.

3:32The Generally Accepted Accounting Principles

3:34and the interpretation are one

3:36of my key functions at Aon.

3:38The Securities and Exchange Commission makes

3:41sure that companies stay on that page.

3:44-In its most adverse reaction,

3:46the SEC also is capable of doing

3:49what they would call an enforcement action.

3:52Many of you have heard of Enron,

3:53okay, and WorldCom.

3:56-The core of those principles is

3:58the six-step accountant cycle.

4:00Pretend you're on Joe's staff for a moment.

4:02First, a hundred different people

4:04send you transaction records

4:06from a dozen different departments.

4:08You collect and organize that pile of

4:10receipts, invoices, bank statements and

4:12purchase orders, account by account,

4:15into a book called a journal.

4:17Now divide all those

4:18transactions into purchases, sales,

4:21investments and so on, in a ledger.

4:24When that's done, do a trial balance

4:26to check your work.

4:28If it's off, go back and find the error.

4:31If it's okay, you can now begin

4:33the real task of accounting,

4:35reporting and analysis.

4:36-The mechanics of doing the accounting,

4:39that doesn't excite me too much.

4:41But going through the philosophy

4:42of what you're trying to accomplish

4:44and how you match revenue and expenses,

4:47which is really the underlying philosophy behind

4:50Generally Accepted Accounting Principles,

4:52to make sure when you recognize the revenue,

4:54you recognize the proportion of the expense.

4:57There's a lot of judgment and

4:58interpretation of what goes into

4:59an individual company in doing that.

5:05The two most basic reports you'll do are the

5:07balance sheet and income statement.

5:10The balance sheet contains the

5:12fundamental accounting equation.

5:14Assets are all the things Aon owns,

5:16like furniture and investments.

5:18Liabilities are how much the company owes

5:21others in the form of loans,

5:22bonds or unpaid bills.

5:24Equity is a little trickier to understand.

5:27Say that Aon owns $100,000, although we can

5:30pretty much guarantee they made a lot more.

5:33If they owe $70,000 in bills and loans to

5:36run the business, the $30,000 difference

5:39is called owners' equity.

5:42That's the amount of actual value

5:43that Aon's stockholders divide up

5:45between them to see how much their

5:47investment is worth at the moment.

5:49The income statement covers a specific period

5:52such as a quarter or year.

5:53It starts with revenue, which is all

5:56of Aon's earnings for the period,

5:58including sales, licensing fees

6:00and gains on investments.

6:02By subtracting the cost of goods sold,

6:04which is the amount of money applied

6:06to producing and distributing a product,

6:09you come up with a gross margin,

6:11or the profit and loss for the period.

6:18Okay, we've been throwing a lot of terms

6:20around, so let's take a break and learn a

6:22little bit more about what Aon does.

6:25One particularly interesting service

6:27has to do with extreme weather.

6:28-For instance, we do catastrophe modeling

6:32for hurricanes so that some of our insurance

6:35clients that may insure a whole lot

6:36of homes along the Gulf Coast to Florida

6:39what happens if a certain hurricane comes?

6:41What type of insurance or reinsurance

6:43protections do they need to make sure

6:46that they're still financially solvent

6:47if a big wind blows and takes out a

6:49lot of their clients' homes?

6:53In addition to that,

6:54one of the things that we innovated,

6:55we were one of the first people

6:56to provide a terrorism model.

7:00And you may be aware that Aon lost

7:02its major operations in New York,

7:04and we lost 175 of our associates

7:06in the World Trade Center disaster.

7:08That certainly spurred us into taking a look

7:11at what can we do to help companies manage

7:14and monitor their exposure to terrorism acts,

7:18and we've done a - have a strategic

7:20partnership with Rudy Giuliani and his group

7:23to try and help companies

7:25prevent and prepare for

7:27if a disaster like that would ever occur again.

7:34Okay, back to the income statement.

7:37Subtract the operating expenses of the company

7:39- that's salaries, electricity and stuff -

7:42from the gross margin to reveal

7:44net income before taxes.

7:46Then, obviously, subtract the taxes,

7:48and you get Aon's net income or net loss.

7:52That figure is what's known as

7:53the bottom line.

7:54If these two reports seem similar,

7:58just remember that the balance sheet is

8:00like a snapshot of the business at any

8:02particular moment, while the income statement

8:05is more like a movie of the company's

8:07performance over a certain period of time.

8:09Now you're at the final and most important

8:12step of the accounting cycle, analysis.

8:15A good example of analysis is budgeting,

8:18which looks at Aon's history to

8:19find ideas for the future.

8:22The budgeting and the planning process

8:23help us analyze and understand that

8:25and create a consensus among management

8:28of what are reasonable expectations

8:30for the coming years,

8:32and it also helps us to give some guidance to

8:34our shareholders on what they should expect

8:36for earnings from our company, which then

8:39I think also helps give people guidance

8:41on what reasonable valuations of our

8:43companies are for our shares.

8:45There are a host of other analyses

8:47you can do, financial ratios

8:49and activity ratios and liquidity tests.

8:52Of course, you don't have to do

8:53all of this math in your head; these days,

8:56most of it can be done by computer software.

8:58I can't think of anybody in our

9:01financial shop that doesn't have a computer

9:03on their desk, and I'm probably one of the

9:04biggest dinosaurs in that I can read all these

9:07financial reports and I can manipulate them,

9:09but I'm too far away from them

9:11to actually create them anymore.

9:13But clearly, the analysis and

9:15the financial reporting is definitely enhanced

9:18by the reporting tools that exist in computers.

9:22Well, your first day as an

9:23accountant went pretty well.

9:25You made a few decisions and learned a little

9:27about how Aon functions financially.

9:29If you're interested in learning more about

9:31accounting as a career,

9:32talk to your instructor.

9:34On the other hand, if accounting isn't for you,

9:36don't worry; your day hasn't been wasted.

9:39Understanding and applying the

9:41basic fundamentals of accounting is a skill that

9:43will help you in almost any

9:45business endeavor you pursue.

9:47Clearly, if you want to do

9:48anything in business - and I am biased,

9:51but there is no better foundation than

9:53having an accounting background,

9:55because that's how businesses are

9:57measured at the end of the day, and the

10:00intrepretation of those numbers are critical.

Question:

The value of the owners' interests is the same as

short-term liabilities.

equity.

revenue minus costs.

liabilities minus assets.

profits plus revenue.

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ACCG100 Lecture Notes - Lecture 3: Alore, Accounting Equation, Accrual

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