PSY111 Lecture Notes - Lecture 5: Remedial Education, Clicker Training, Reinforcement

50 views2 pages

ochregnat705

30 Jun 2018

School

Department

Course

Professor

For unlimited access to Class Notes, a Class+ subscription is required.

OPERANT CONDITIONING

An easy way to remember the terms:

- Positive always refers to the arrival of a stimulus

- Negative always refers to the removal of a stimulus

- Reinforcement always refers to an increase in the likelihood that a behaviour will recur

(Regardless of whether positive or negative)

- Punishment always refers to a decrease in the likelihood that a behaviour will recur

(Regardless of whether positive or negative)

REINFORCEMENT CONTINGENCIES

Extinction

- Absence of reinforcement of a response leads to extinction of behaviour

Discriminative stimuli

- Stimuli that predict reinforcement or punishment

Generalisation

- Generalising responses to other stimuli that resemble a stimulus

SCHEDULES OF REINFORCEMENT

• The pattern of reinforcer (or punisher) delivery affects the pattern of responding

• Continuous Reinforcement Schedules

• Reinforcer is obtained after every response

• Good for training new behaviour

• Intermittent/Partial Reinforcement Schedules

• Reinforcer is not obtained for every response

• More resistant to extinction, behaviour persists for longer

INTERMITTENT/PARTIAL REINFORCEMENT SCHEDULES

• Ratio Schedules

• Fixed Ratio: Reinforced every nth response

• Variable Ratio: On average, reinforced after every ninth response

• Interval Schedules

• Fixed Interval: Reinforced after specific time period has elapsed

• Variable Interval: Reinforced after an average time period has elapsed

ACQUISITION AND SHAPING

A procedure in which a complex behaviour is trained/taught by reinforcing closer and closer

approximations of the desired response

• Training a dog to fetch the paper

• Teaching a child to tie shoelaces

• ‘Clicker’ training

• Only positive reinforcement

Unlock document

This preview shows half of the first page of the document.
Unlock all 2 pages and 3 million more documents.

Already have an account? Log in

Document Summary

Positive always refers to the arrival of a stimulus. Negative always refers to the removal of a stimulus. Reinforcement always refers to an increase in the likelihood that a behaviour will recur (regardless of whether positive or negative) Punishment always refers to a decrease in the likelihood that a behaviour will recur (regardless of whether positive or negative) Absence of reinforcement of a response leads to extinction of behaviour. Generalising responses to other stimuli that resemble a stimulus. A procedure in which a complex behaviour is trained/taught by reinforcing closer and closer approximations of the desired response: training a dog to fetch the paper, teaching a child to tie shoelaces, clicker" training, only positive reinforcement. Applications of operant conditioning: behavioural therapy, reducing thumb sucking, reducing tantrums, quitting smoking, behavioural modification, token economies, remedial education, therapy for autism. Cognitive-social theory argues that we form expectancies about the consequences of our behaviours.

Related Questions

1. When you break your curfew and your parents take away your car privileges in order stop you from breaking curfew in the future, they are attempting

a. positive reinforcement.

b. positive punishment.

c. negative reinforcement.

d. negative punishment.

2. Wilson wants to use operant conditioning to teach his son to take out the trash. Every time his son takes out the trash, Wilson gives him a dollar. Wilson is employing what type of consequences?

a. negative reinforcement.

b. positive reinforcement.

c. positive punishment.

d. negative punishment.

3. Although hunger naturally occurs in response to an empty stomach, we can easily become conditioned to feel hunger at certain times of the day due to classical conditioning. In this case, the US would be the

a. empty stomach.

b. food.

c. eating.

d. time of day.

4. Sarah was bitten by a dog, which naturally was a very scary experience. Now when Sarah even hears a dog barking, she feels afraid. In this example, dog barking is the

a. unconditioned response.

b. unconditioned stimulus.

c. conditioned stimulus.

d. conditioned response.

5. Chang gets paid a $50 bonus for every 100 pairs of shoes that he sells. Chang is being reinforced on a ________ schedule of reinforcement.

a. Variable ratio

b. fixed interval

c. variable interval

d. fixed ratio

byzantiumox697

QUESTION 1

A 5-year-old observes his father yelling at his older brother after he dropped and broke his dinner plate while removing it from the table. Thereafter, due to __________, the 5-year-old is very cautious when removing his own plate.

	a.	vicarious conditioning
	b.	classical conditioning
	c.	generalization
	d.	extinction

QUESTION 2

A child has learned to avoid his father in the morning because his father is always grouchy at that time. Generally, being able to learn what stimuli predict pleasure or pain is consistent with Pavlov's belief that

	a.	some types of learning are more important than others.
	b.	conditioning is how we adapt to our environments.
	c.	conditioning is how we modify our environments.
	d.	behavior is modified by others.

QUESTION 3

A sudden puff of air in his left eye caused Bill to blink. In terms of classical conditioning, the air puff was a ______________ and the blink was a ______________.

	a.	CR; CS
	b.	CS; CR
	c.	US; UR
	d.	UR; US

QUESTION 4

After a large balloon burst loudly and suddenly at her birthday party, Cindy showed a fear of balloons. In terms of the acquisition phase of classical conditioning, the balloon is the __________ and her fear is the __________.

	a.	CS; US
	b.	US; UR
	c.	CS; CR
	d.	CR; CS

QUESTION 5

After getting a bad sunburn, before heading out for a day at the beach, Stanley slathers on sunscreen to avoid getting sunburned. In this case, Stanley's habit of using sunscreen has likely been acquired by way of

	a.	negative reinforcement.
	b.	positive reinforcement.
	c.	punishment.
	d.	vicarious conditioning.

1 points

QUESTION 6

After she gets a speeding ticket, Susan's parents take her driver's license away for a month. This is an example of

	a.	negative punishment.
	b.	modeling.
	c.	negative reinforcement.
	d.	extinction.

QUESTION 7

After struggling with a complex math problem, Stacey takes a short break. While making herself a cup of tea, she suddenly comes up with a solution. "Aha!" moments such as this are a form of __________ learning that occurs in the apparent absence of reinforcement.

	a.	insight
	b.	non-associative
	c.	associative
	d.	observational

QUESTION 8

Alphonse watches the way his brother shovels the driveway in order to clear a spot for their grandmotherâs car. Alphonse then goes outside, takes another shovel, and starts shoveling the snow off of the walkway from the driveway to the front door. Alphonse uses the same technique as his brother. This demonstrates learning through

	a.	modeling.
	b.	classical conditioning.
	c.	vicarious reinforcement.
	d.	shaping.

QUESTION 9

Dave observed that after returning from the vet, whenever he took his dog, Smooches, near his car, she began to shake and whine. Which of the following types of learned response was Smooches exhibiting?

	a.	vicarious conditioning
	b.	operant conditioning
	c.	long-term potentiation
	d.	classical conditioning

QUESTION 10

David is taking a class about learning and motivation and he has to work in the laboratory two times a week teaching a rat to press a bar. The cage that he uses allows David to control the reinforcement and punishment that the rat receives. The name for this device used for investigating learning in animals is called a

	a.	Pavlov terrarium.
	b.	Thorndike aquarium.
	c.	Watson chamber.
	d.	Skinner box.

sapphiremarten838

PSY111 Lecture Notes - Lecture 5: Remedial Education, Clicker Training, Reinforcement

Document Summary

Get access

Related Documents

PSY111 Lecture Notes - Lecture 4: Interstimulus Interval

PSYCO333 Chapter Notes - Chapter 10: Classical Conditioning, Reinforcement, Stimulus Control

PSYC 1000 Chapter Notes - Chapter 6: Toilet Training, Vending Machine, Reinforcement

Related Questions