PSYC1003 Lecture Notes - Lecture 4: Procedural Memory, Implicit Memory, Degree Of Difficulty
Memory
Long-Term Memory
Encoding and Organisation of Long-Term Memory
oEncoding
Deep versus shallow levels of processing, encoding specificity, context
and retrieval (E.g. scuba divers list of words)
oSpacing effects
“the superiority of memory for information rehearsed over longer
intervals demonstrates that spacing study sessions over longer
intervals tends to double long-term retention of information”
oMnemonic devices
Visual imagery
SQ4R Method (Survey, Question, Read, Recite, Review, Writ) was
specifically designed to help students remember information in
textbooks
oNetworks of association
Spreading activation
Hierarchal organisation of information
Schemas
Influence the way information is encoded
Shape the way information is recovered from long-term
memory (retrieval)
“The more other facts a fact is associated with in the mind, the better
possession of it our memory retains. Each of its associates becomes a
hook to which it hangs, a means to fish it up by when sunk beneath
the surface. Together, they form a network of attachments by which it
is woven into the entire tissue of our thought. The ‘secret of a good
memory’ is thus the secret of forming diverse and multiple
associations with every fact we care to retain.”
Long-Term Memory is organised in clusters of information that are
related in meaning:
The network is composed of interconnected nodes
A node may contain thoughts, images, smells, emotions or any
other information
E.g. nodes are like cities, which are connected (associated) to
each other by roads, the roads can be widened to ensure rapid
transit, or can fall into disuse
Remembering, Misremembering and Forgetting
oHow long is long-term memory?
oHow accurate is long-term memory?
Eyewitness Testimony- False Memories (Elizabeth Loftus)
Showed people simulated crimes and accidents and asked people
what they remember
find more resources at oneclass.com
find more resources at oneclass.com
Document Summary
Encoding and organisation of long-term memory: encoding. Deep versus shallow levels of processing, encoding specificity, context and retrieval (e. g. scuba divers list of words: spacing effects. The superiority of memory for information rehearsed over longer intervals demonstrates that spacing study sessions over longer intervals tends to double long-term retention of information : mnemonic devices. Sq4r method (survey, question, read, recite, review, writ) was specifically designed to help students remember information in textbooks: networks of association. Shape the way information is recovered from long-term memory (retrieval) The more other facts a fact is associated with in the mind, the better possession of it our memory retains. Each of its associates becomes a hook to which it hangs, a means to fish it up by when sunk beneath the surface. Together, they form a network of attachments by which it is woven into the entire tissue of our thought.
