PSYC1003 Lecture Notes - Lecture 4: Autobiographical Memory, Degree Of Difficulty, Motion Perception
LONG TERM MEMORY
Encoding and Organisation of Long-Term Memory:
• Eodig – deep versus shallow levels of processing, encoding specificity, context and
retrieval (e.g., scuba divers list of words; Godden & Baddeley, 1975).
• “paig Effet – the supeioit of eo fo ifoatio eheased oe loge
intervals – demonstrates that spacing study sessions over longer intervals tends to double
long-te etetio of ifoatio Buto et al., , p. .
• Meoi Devices (Visual Imagery and SQ4R; pp. 268- 269) - “Q‘ Method “ue,
Question, Read, Recite, Review, Write) was specifically designed to help students remember
information in textbooks.
Long-Term Memory
• Netoks of Assoiatio - “peadig Atiation - Hieahial Ogaisatio of Ifoatio
- “heas.
Long
Networks of Association: As William James (1890, p. 662) proposed:
The more other facts a fact is associated with in the mind, the better possession of it our
memory retains. Each of its associates becomes a hook to which it hangs, a means to fish it
up by when sunk beneath the surface. Together, they form a network of attachments by
hih it is oe ito the etie tissue of ou thought. The seet of a good eo is thus
the secret of forming diverse and multiple associations with every fact we care to retain.
Long-Term Memory is organised in clusters of information that are related in meaning:
• The etok is oposed of iteoeted odes
• A ode a otai thoughts, iages, smells, emotions or any other information.
• Tetook aalog – nodes are like cities, which are connected (associated) to each other
by roads (Reisberg, 1997). The roads can be widened to ensure rapid transit, or can fall into
disuse.
Schemas affect the way people remember in two ways,
by - Iflueig the a ifoatio is eoded - “hapig the a ifoatio is eoeed
from long-term memory (i.e., retrieval) - Eaples – Gaduate studets offie; Pales
(1975) kitchen; Bransford and Johnsos Balloo .
Remembering, Misremembering and Forgetting:
• Daiel “hates “ee “is of Meo - Tasiee eoies fade ith tie -
Absent-mindedness (memory failure due to a failure in attention rather than memory) -
Misattribution (misremembering the source of memory) - “uggestiilit thikig e
remember, or memory implants) - Bias ->favourable<- distortions in recalling a story ) -
Persistence (recurring memories, often memories we want to eliminate but that keep
coming back) - Fogettig.
How accurate is Long-Term Memory? - Eeitess Testio – False Memories (Elizabeth
Loftus Liste to iutes to of Elizaeth Loftus Letue: Case of “tee Titus
https://www.ted.com/talkselizabeth_loftus_the_fiction_of_memory
Case of Steve Titus Ma people eliee that eo oks like a eodig deie, ou
just record the information, then you call it up, play it back when you want to answer
find more resources at oneclass.com
find more resources at oneclass.com
Document Summary
Question, read, recite, review, write) was specifically designed to help students remember information in textbooks. Long-term memory: net(cid:449)o(cid:396)ks of asso(cid:272)iatio(cid:374) - p(cid:396)eadi(cid:374)g a(cid:272)ti(cid:448)ation - hie(cid:396)a(cid:396)(cid:272)hi(cid:272)al o(cid:396)ga(cid:374)isatio(cid:374) of i(cid:374)fo(cid:396)(cid:373)atio(cid:374) Networks of association: as william james (1890, p. 662) proposed: The more other facts a fact is associated with in the mind, the better possession of it our memory retains. Each of its associates becomes a hook to which it hangs, a means to fish it up by when sunk beneath the surface. Together, they form a network of attachments by (cid:449)hi(cid:272)h it is (cid:449)o(cid:448)e(cid:374) i(cid:374)to the e(cid:374)ti(cid:396)e tissue of ou(cid:396) thought. The (cid:858)se(cid:272)(cid:396)et of a good (cid:373)e(cid:373)o(cid:396)(cid:455)(cid:859) is thus the secret of forming diverse and multiple associations with every fact we care to retain. The roads can be widened to ensure rapid transit, or can fall into disuse. Remembering, misremembering and forgetting: da(cid:374)iel (cid:272)ha(cid:272)te(cid:396)(cid:859)s (cid:858) e(cid:448)e(cid:374) i(cid:374)s of me(cid:373)o(cid:396)(cid:455)(cid:859) - t(cid:396)a(cid:374)sie(cid:374)(cid:272)e (cid:894)(cid:373)e(cid:373)o(cid:396)ies fade (cid:449)ith ti(cid:373)e(cid:895) -
