BIOL 260 Chapter Notes - Chapter 1.1: Positron Emission Tomography, Gross Anatomy, Human Body
Chapter 1.1 Vocabs
• Human anatomy is the study of the structural basis of body function
• Physiology is the study of the functional relevance of human anatomy
• Functional morphology: structure and function of organs
• gross anatomy is the study of structure visible to the naked eye, using methods such as
surface observation, dissection, x-rays, and MRI scans
• surface anatomy is the external structure of the body, and is especially important in
conducting a physical examination of the patient
• radiologic anatomy is the study of internal structure, using x-rays and other medical
imaging techniques
• systemic anatomy is the study of one organ system at a time
• regional anatomy is the study of multiple organ systems at once in a given region of the
body, such as head or chest
• histology (microscopic anatomy) is the examination of tissues under a microscope
o histopathology is the microscopic examination of tissues for signs of disease.
o Cytology is the stud of the structure and function of individual cells.
• Comparative anatomy is the study of more than one species in order to examine
structural similarities and differences and analyze evolutionary trends.
Methods to examine the structure of the human body:
• Ispetio: siply lookig at the ody’s appearae i areful detail
o palpation means feeling a structure with the hands such a palpating a
swollen lump node or taking a pulse
o auscultation is listening to the natural sounds made by the body such as
heart and lung sounds.
• Dissection: the careful cutting n separation of tissues to revel their relationships
• Radiologic anatomy is the branch of medicine concerned with imaging
o Noninvasive methods do not penetrate the skin
o invasive imaging techniques may entail inserting ultrasound probes into the
esophagus, vagina, or rectum to get closer to the organ to be imaged, or
injecting substances into the bloodstream or body passage to enhance image
formation
o X-rays passes through the soft tissues of the body to a photographic film or
detector on the other side where they produce relatively dark images. They
are absorbed, however, by dense tissues such as bones, teeth, tumors and
tuberculosis nodules, which leave the image lighter in these areas.
• Computed tomography (CT Scan): is a more sophisticated application of X-rays. The
patient is moved through a ring-shaped machine that emits low-intensity X-rays on
one side and receives them with a detector on the opposite side. It then stacks the
image and makes a detailed 3D image of the body.
• Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI): the patient lies in a chamber surrounded by a
large electromagnet that creates a very strong magnetic field. Hydrogen atoms in
the tissues align themselves with the field. The technologist then activates a radio
wave emitter, causing the hydrogen atoms to absorb additional energy and align in a
find more resources at oneclass.com
find more resources at oneclass.com
