BIOL 1107 Chapter Notes - Chapter 39.3-39.5: Blood Sugar, Torpor, Ectotherm

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scarletsnake208

31 Oct 2016

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39. 3 how does body size affect animal physiology. And body size has pervasive effects on how animals function. (ex: large animals require more food than smaller animals and smaller animals lose heat and water faster than large animals. ) Surface area is important in animals because oxygen and other nutrients must diffuse into an animal"s cells and waste products must diffuse out. The rate of diffusion depends on the surface area available for diffusion. As an animal gets larger, its volume increases much more rapidly than its surface area does. Larger cells have lower surface area ratios than smaller cells. Metabolic rate is the overall rate of energy consumption by an individual. Consumption and production of energy in mammals depends largely on aerobic respiration so metabolic rate is often measured in terms of oxygen consumption. Basal metabolic rate is the rate at which an animal consumes oxygen while at rest, with an empty stomach under normal temperature and moist conditions.

Related Questions

Smaller mammals and birds have faster heart rates than larger ones. It would be useful to have a model that might explain this variation in heart rates. A warm-blooded animal uses large quantities of energy in order to maintain body temperature, because of heat loss through its body surface. Since cold-blooded animals require very little energy when they are resting, the major energy drain on a resting warm blooded animal seems to be maintenance of body temperature. Letâs explore a model based on this idea. The amount of energy available is roughly proportional to blood flow through the heart to the lungs â the source of oxygen. At rest, the amount of energy available is proportional to the amount of heat lost, which is proportional to body surface area. (a) Show that the basal (resting) blood flow f is related to the body weight w by (approximately) f â w 2/3 . Define all the variables that you use. (b) Derive a model that relates basal pulse rate p to body weight w as (approximately) p â w â1/3 . What assumption(s) did you make about hearts?

greywoodchuck68

Please help answer both parts of the question with full detail.Will give good rating.

a) Contrary to what we may have grown up learning, only smallanimals hibernate (not completely trueâ¦black bears are now believedto hibernate, however itâs a different mechanism than smallanimals-more on this later in the semester). Hibernation occurswhen an animal lowers its metabolic rate below itâsBMR.

Lets explore this relationship between hibernation and bodysize, by considering stored energy and the rate of energymetabolism (utilization). Here, you will calculate whetherhibernation is necessary by comparing a 1200 pound polar bear and a1.5 pound grey squirrel (like those living here in Columbus). Wecan compare how long each could survive during a winter fast ifthey used only body fat as their energy source, and do nothibernate (which requires a drop in metabolism below the BMR). Theweight-specific Basal metabolic rate (BMR) of mammals is 4.46M^-0.30 when expressed in units ofmLO₂consumed per gram of body tissue perhour and (importantly) weight is calculated ingrams. For this simple estimate, you may use BMR, but keepin mind that small animals have a larger increase in metabolismwith temperature than large animals. Calculate how long each animalcould survive on stored fat equal to 20% of its total body weight(this is a fairly reasonable fat amount found in both squirrels andbears in nature). Make sure you keep all units very clear duringthis calculation, there are many steps.

Potentially useful information:

The value of energy content of fat is 9.3 kCal per gram of fatand 2.0 L of O₂ are consumed per gram of fatmetabolized. There are 5280 feet in a mile, and 1.0 foot = 0.3048meters. One calorie = 4.184 joules. One pound (lb) = 454 grams andone ounce is 28.375 grams.

b) Given your results, what do you think might be the potentialsolutions for a) squirrels and b) polar bears for surviving throughthe winter (keeping in mind that food is scarce so they canât juststay awake and look for food!) This should only be a FEWsentences!

pinkzebra569

The Cambrian explosion is a prime example of ________________.

		mass extinction
		evolutionary stasis
		a large meteor impact
		adaptive radiation

1 points

QUESTION 2

Most animals are viviparous.

True

False

1 points

QUESTION 3

The first phylum with ganglia in their nervous system are the ________________________.

		Mollusca
		Nematoda
		Bivalvia
		Platyhelminthes

1 points

QUESTION 4

The last common ancestor of all animals was probably a _____________________.

		a unicellular worm
		multicellular algae
		flagellated protist
		multicellular fungus

1 points

QUESTION 5

You are given an unknown organism to identify. It is unicellular and heterotrophic. It is motile by use of many short extensions of the cytoplasm. It has well-developed organelles and two nuclei, one large, one small. The organism is most likely to be a ______________.

		foraminifera
		radiolarian
		ciliate
		flagellate

1 points

QUESTION 6

Which of the following organisms would you expect to have the largest surface-area-to-volume ratio? Assume that all of the following are the same total length.

		A mollusc
		A nematode
		A platyhelminth
		Not enough information to determine.

1 points

QUESTION 7

If the animal is a hermaphrodite, it is said to be _______________.

		dioecious
		eutelic
		monoecious
		trioecious

1 points

QUESTION 8

A terrestrial animal species is discovered with the following larval characteristics: exoskeleton, system of tubes for gas exchange and segmentation. A knowledgeable zoologist should predict that the adults of this species would also feature ____________.

		eight legs
		two pairs of antennae
		a sessile lifecycle
		an open circulatory system

1 points

QUESTION 9

The Phylum Echinodermata exhibits metamerism.

True

False

1 points

QUESTION 10

The existence of evolutionary trends, such as increasing body sizes among horse species, is evidence that _____.

		a larger volume-to-surface area ratio is adaptive in many mammals
		evolution generally progresses toward some goal
		evolution tends toward increased complexity or increased size
		in particular environments, similar adaptations can be beneficial to more than one species

1 points

QUESTION 11

Suppose you are a researcher fro a pest-control company and you develop a chemical that inhibits the develpment of an embryonic mosquito's endodermal cells. Which of the following would cause the pesticide to work?

		The mosquito would develop a weak exoskeleton, making it easy prey.
		The mosquito's gut would not function properly and it would starve.
		The mosquito would not have a properly functioning muscular system.
		Nothing would happen and your experiment would be a failure.

1 points

QUESTION 12

Holometabolis refers to complete metamorphosis.

True

False

1 points

QUESTION 13

Which of these conditions are always true of populations evolving due to natural selection?
Condition 1: The population must vary in traits that are heritable.
Condition 2: Some heritable traits must increase reproductive success.
Condition 3: Individuals pass on most traits that they acquire during their lifetime.

		Condition 1 only
		Condition 2 only
		Conditions 1 and 2
		Conditions 2 and 3

1 points

QUESTION 14

Scientific theories _____. 22.3

		are nearly the same things as hypotheses
		are supported by, and make sense of, many observations
		cannot be tested because the described events occurred only once
		are predictions of future events

1 points

QUESTION 15

The evolution of animal species and their diversity is a result of the evolution of new and different ways to _______________.

		reproduce
		arrange their cells into tissues
		become symmetrical
		form an embyro and establish a basic body plan

BIOL 1107 Chapter Notes - Chapter 39.3-39.5: Blood Sugar, Torpor, Ectotherm

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