PSY 101 Chapter Notes - Chapter 11: Erik Erikson, Parenting Styles, Romanian Orphans
INTRODUCTION TO PSYCHOLOGY
Chapter 11: Social Development
At the end of this Chapter you should be able to:
• Learn about Social Development
• Learn about Attachment issues
• Learn About Parenting
•The Path to Attachment
• Earliest steps of social development: form around the bond with the caregiver
• What is this bond? How is it created?
Locomotion
•Locomotion changes the baby’s world drastically
• Able to explore, investigate, satisfy curiosity
• Caregiver (CG) must restrict locomotion to keep baby safe: “No!”
•Social referencing: check’s CG’s facial expression
• Used by baby when baby encounters new/ ambiguous situation
• Baby needs to decide whether situation is safe or not
• Fear on CG face: baby will be more cautious
Attachment
•6-8 months: with locomotive ability frequently comes… Separation Anxiety
•Separation Anxiety: Baby becomes upset when CG leaves room/goes out of sight
• Implies that formation of attachment has occurred
•Attachment:A firm, close, enduring emotional bond btwn the baby and the primary caregiver
Harry Harlow’s experiments
•Do babies attach to caregivers on the basis of nutrition?
•Infant rhesus monkeys raised in cages with two fixed objects:
• terry-cloth covered wire-mesh object,
• wire-mesh object that held a bottle of milk
•In times of stress/fear/uncertainty, monkeys always went to terry-cloth “mother”
• not the “mother” where they had been fed
•Contact comfort: more important than where/how fed for purposes of attachment
Humans?
•Contact comfort: also important
• Children’s fondness for stuffed animals, blankets, etc: attachment formed for comfort, not
for food
•Other implications of contact comfort:
• Many animals, including humans, need contact/physical comfort for normal development
• Bowlby: among the first to describe a theory of attachment in humans
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