BIOL 111 Chapter Notes - Chapter 7-10: Lipid Bilayer, Systematic Chaos, Aquaporin

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16 Jan 2016

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Lipids and proteins are the staple ingredients of membranes. Cholesterol raises fluidity at high temperature but lowers at lower temperature. Integral proteins penetrate the hydrophobic interior of the lipid bilayer. Hydrophilic substances avoid the lipid bilayer by passing through transport proteins. Aquaporin pass water molecules across the membrane of certain. Molecules have thermal energy due to their constant motion. Tonicity- the ability of a surrounding solution to cause a cell to gain or lose water. Osmoregulation- control of solute concentration and water balance. Catabolic pathways release energy by breaking down complex molecules into simpler ones. (exergonic/negative free energy) Anabolic pathways consume energy to build complicated molecules from simpler ones. (endergonic/positive free energy) Bioenergetics- the study of how energy flows through living organisms. Chemical energy is potential energy ready to release in a chemical reaction. 1st law of thermodynamics- energy in the universe is constant. 2nd law of thermodynamics- every energy transfer increases the entropy of the universe.

Related Questions

Which of the following Scientist(s) described the contemporaryâfluid- mosiacâmodel of the plasma Membrane
Davson and Nicholson
Nicholson and Danielle
Singer and Davson
Nicholson and Singer
Answer:_________________________________________________________________

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The âfluid-mosaicâ model of the PM differ from the first proposedmodel in that:
The first model did not have cholesterol
The first model was devoid of some lipids
The first model was devoid of some proteins
The first mode was devoid of some carbohydrates
Answer:_________________________________________________________________

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Which is most likely to be a membrane receptor protein?
A glycosylated protein containing three hydrophobic regions
A glycosylated protein devoid of hydrophobic regions
A protein containing hydrophobic regions but devoid of sugars
A glycosylated protein devoid of hydrophilic regions
Answer:_________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

Which secondary structures of proteins are formed within thePM?
Alpha-pleated sheets
Beta-pleated sheets
Alpha-helicies
Beta-helicies
Answer:_________________________________________________________________

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Intergal proteins project
entirely outside of the bilayer on the extracellular surface
entirely through the membrane having N- and C- terminusexposed.
entirely outside of the bilayer on the cytoplasmic surface
outside bilayer but covalently linked to lipids withinmembrane
Answer:_________________________________________________________________

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Which is the driving force which maintains the lipid bilayer?
Van der waals forces
Hydrophobic interactions
Hydrophilic interactions
Ionic interactions
Answer:_________________________________________________________________

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What affect do lipids with double bonds in their nonpolar tailshave on the integrity of the PM?
They increase the fluidity of the PM
They decrease the fluidity of the PM
They allow more lipids to pack tighter in the membrane
They cause the membrane to become less stable
Answer:_________________________________________________________________

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As the fluidity of the PM increases, what happens to theentropy?
increases
decreases
stays the same
none of the above
Answer:_________________________________________________________________

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The consistency of membranes at various temperatures can beunderstood using the Margarine and Butter analogy. Butter containslonger saturated chains of fat derived from animals while Margarinecontains short polyunsaturated fats derived from corn oil. Whentaken directly from the refrigerator, Margarine can be spread withease while the Butter does not. What conclusion should you drawregarding how the composition of membrane lipid regulate thefluidity of the PM?
Longer chains exhibit more double bonds and increases contact oflipids
Longer chain exhibit fewer double bonds and increases contact oflipids
Shorter chains exhibit more double bonds and increases contact oflipids
Shorter chains exhibit more double bonds and increases contact oflipids
Answer:_________________________________________________________________

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Which PM lipid covalently anchors proteins?
Phosphoglycerides
Sphingolipids
Cholesterol
Triglycerides
Answer:_________________________________________________________________

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Which PM lipid is the least amphipathic?
Phosphoglycerides
Sphingolipids
Cholesterol
Triglycerides
Answer:_________________________________________________________________

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Which of the following is not a function of the PM?
Signal Transduction
Energy Transduction
Regulates which molecules enters and exits cell
Site of Biochemical events such as production ofmacromolecules
Answer:_________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

Which two PM phospholipids have negative charges?
Phosphatidylcholine and Phosphatidylethanolamine
Phosphatidylethanolamine and Phosphatidylserine
Phosphatidylinositol and Phosphatidylserine
Phosphatidylserine and Phosphatidylcholine
Answer:_________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

Which PM lipid is the only true glycolipid?
Phosphatidylcholine
Phosphatidylethanolamine
Sphingolipid
d. Cholesterol
Answer:_________________________________________________________________

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Which is NOT a function of the Plasma Membrane
It serves as a barrier allowing all molecules to enter cell
It serves as a site for energy and signal transductions
It is composed of lipids, proteins, and carbohydrates
It compartmentalizes the cells
Answer:_________________________________________________________________

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Cholesterol, which is not present in bacteria, controls the PMfluidity of animal cells. Which is the CORRECT orientation of thehydroxyl group of the four-member ring of cholesterol in thePM.
The hydroxyl group is oriented inside the membrane
The hydroxyl group is oriented toward the cytoplasm
The hydroxyl group is oriented toward other cholesterolmolecules
The hydroxyl group is oriented toward the membrane surface
Answer:_________________________________________________________________

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PM carbohydrates are oriented:
Inside the membrane
Toward the cytoplasm
Toward other carbohydrate molecules
Away from the cytoplasm and inside organelles
Answer:_________________________________________________________________

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Sugars constituents various on red blood cells depending on bloodtype, why would giving someone the wrong blood type be fatal?
Blood groups differ in the levels of hemoglobin they carry
The body would view the sugars as antigens and form antibodiesagainst them.
Because of the incompatible sugar arrangement, the blood would notflow to the heart properly.
The foreign sugar sequences will attack to the sugar sequences onnormal cells.
Answer:_________________________________________________________________

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NaCl most likely get into cells by which of the followingmethods?
Diffusion
Facilitated Transport
Osmosis
Active Transport
Answer:_________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

Sufferers of type II diabetes (adult onset) have normal insulinlevels but no target cell response due to deficiency in receptorsfor insulin. Which type of transport is missing?
Diffusion
Facilitated Transport
Osmosis
Active Transport
Answer:_________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

The movement of molecules against a gradient refers to which typeof transport?
Diffusion
Facilitated Transport
Osmosis
Active Transport
Answer:_________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

Which is the correct exchange of sodium and potassium in the Na/Kpump of cells?
three sodium for three potassium
two sodium for three potassium
three sodium for two potassium
two sodium for one potassium
Answer:_________________________________________________________________

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This type of transport is important to cells because they receivetheir oxygen and rid themselves of carbon dioxide by thismethod:
Diffusion
Facilitated Transport
Osmosis
Active Transport
Answer:_________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

Maintaining membrane fluidity is important to cells because?
Cells are able to maintain proper function at differenttemperatures
Cells can break down membranes lipids very quickly when energy isneeded
Larger molecules can pass through the membrane when fluidity isincreased
The membrane fluidity helps to maintain the positions ofglycoproteins and glycolipids
Answer:_________________________________________________________________

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Scientists agreed that the plasma membrane was the site ofbiochemical events when peroxide was broken to produce bubblescontaining?
water
hydrogen
oxygen
carbon dioxide

Answer:_________________________________________________________________

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A set of erythrocytes is placed in a beaker of 0.9% NaCl.Nothing appears to happen to the cells. Why?

0.9% NaCl is hypertonic to the cells.

Sodium blocks the movement of water.

0.9% NaCl is hypotonic to the cells.

0.9% NaCl is iostonic to the cells.

water has not moved at all.

Question 2

Select one answer.

Which substance would be mostlikely to pass through a lipid bilayer/plasma membrane withoutembedded proteins?

water

a steroid hormone

a large fatty acid

a large peptide hormone

a sodium ion

Question 3

Select all that apply.

Which of the following can cross the cellâs plasmamembrane without the assistance of protein transporters?Select all that apply.

large polar molecules

positively charged ions

small hydrophobic molecules

gasses

Question 4

Select one answer.

Biological Membranesare:

symmetrical.

impermeable.

static.

dynamic.

Question 5

Select one answer.

How does the selectivepermeability of the membrane help the cell.

This allows the cell to maintain the proper shape.

This allows the cell to regulate what enters and exits

This allows the cell to maintain a constant temperature.

All of these

Question 6

Select one answer.

What is the role of carbohydratesin the plasma membrane?

cellular identification

adhesion

transport materials across the membrane

help maintain fluidity

Question 7

Select one answer.

Which component of the plasmamembrane has the widest variety of functions?

sterols

carbohydrates

phospholipids

proteins

Question 8

Select one answer.

All of the following have aneffect on the fluidity of a membrane except:

interactions among fatty acids in the core of the bilayer

the cholesterol content

the ratio of saturated to unsaturated fatty acids

the presence of integral proteins in the membrane

burgundyelk45

1. What is an organic molecule?

2.Name three hydrocarbons and be able to draw their structural formulas.

3. What is an isomer? List and describe the three types (structural, geometric, and enantiomers).

4. Be able to recognize and describe the properties of these functional groups: aldehyde, ketone, hydroxyl, sulfhydryl, carboxyl, amino, and phosphate groups.

5. What is a monosaccharide? Give two examples of these molecules and their functions.

6. Describe these chemical reactions: dehydration synthesis (condensation reaction) and hydrolysis (rehydration).

7. What is a disaccharide? List two and give their functions.

8. What is a polysaccharide? List two storage forms and two structural forms. How are they formed and what is their specific function?

9. How do the pancreatic hormones insulin and glucagon regulate blood sugar levels?

10. What is molting and why is it necessary in certain animals?

11. What four molecules are bonded together to form a triglyceride or fat? Why are fats nonpolar? What are some functions of fats as well as other lipids such as oils and waxes?

12. How do saturated and unsaturated fats differ? Discuss bonding patterns and possible sources of these fats. Which type is healthier for you? Why?

13. Why do animals store most of their excess glucose as fats or oils rather than as glycogen or protein? Give two reasons.

14. What are phospholipids? Identify parts of the phospholipid bilayer that are hydrophobic or hydrophilic? What important cell structure do these molecules help create?

15. Describe the structure of a steroid. How is cholesterol used in beneficial ways in your body?

16. What are LDLs and HDLs? Which is considered good or bad cholesterol? What condition could result from high blood pressure?

17. What are four ways to either reduce high blood cholesterol or maintain a safe level?

18. What is the composition of an amino acid? Why would they be considered nonpolar, polar, acidic, or basic?

19. Define dipeptides and polypeptides.

20. Describe the primary structure of a protein. What type of bonding creates it?

21. What is the secondary structure of a protein? Name two types of secondary structure and indicate what type of bonding holds them together. List three fibrous proteins.

22. What is the tertiary structure of a protein? What types of bonds or chemical interactions allow a protein to maintain this structure? List three globular proteins.

23. What is the quaternary structure of a protein? Describe a hemoglobin molecule.

24. What are the subunits of nucleic acids and what is their composition? How are these subunits bonded together? What is DNS's basic shape?

25. List three differences between DNA and RNA.

BIOL 111 Chapter Notes - Chapter 7-10: Lipid Bilayer, Systematic Chaos, Aquaporin

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