AS.020.151 Chapter 3: Chapter 3 Nucleic Acids, Proteins, and Enzymes
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9.,.4%1*/'!"#$%.-&)%*
:.$;4%1*/'<!('3,)'=!('>"*%)'-.'%,#.)%'*%?"%,#%*'.8'34&,.'3#&)*'&,'61.-%&,*@
Nucleotides
AB1%%'#.46.,%,-*/',&-1.7%,."*'C3*%2'6%,-.*%'*"7312'D'6B.*6B3-%'71."6*'>E'FB%,'#.,,%#-%)@
:B.*6B3-%'71."6/':GH
Linking/Nucleotides:
I6%,-.*%'*"731'&,'$3*-',"#$%.-&)%'&,'#B3&,'C.,)*'F&-B'6B.*6B3-%'71."6'.,'-B%',%F',"#$%.-&)%'
>:'3--3#B%)'-.'JKL'.,'&-*'*"731@'>C.,)'.##"1*'C%-F%%,':'3,)'DKL'GM'71."6@
I71.F'&,'JK'-.'DK')&1%#-&.,
I#.,)%,*3-&.,'1%3#-&.,
I8.14'phosphodiester/bonds
Complementary/Base/Pairing:
IC3*%*'$&,N%)'C;'M'C.,)*'>F%3N'&,)&O&)"3$$;2'*-1.,7'F&-B'-B%',"4C%1'.8'-B%4@
Nitrogenous/bases:
:;1&4&)&,%*'>.,%'1&,7@I
L;-.*&,%'>!MP@
AB;4&,%'>MDL@
Q13#&$
:"1&,%*'>-F.'1&,7*@I
()%,&,%
R"3,&,%'>LSG@
Pentose/Sugar:
<%.5;1&C.*%'&,'<!('>.,%'$%**'G@
=&C.*%'&,'=!(
<&88%1'3-'-B%'PKL'6.*&-&.,
!"4C%1'L'*-31-&,7'3-'C3*%
I:'3--3#B%)'-.'JKL
IC3*%'3--3#B%)'-.'EKL
=!(/
I8.$)'.,-.'&-*%$82'M'C.,)*'C%-F%%,',"#$%.-&)%*
I*-3C&$&T%'&,-.'D<'*B36%
<!(/
I*"731'3,)'6B.*6B3-%'71."6*'8.14'*&)%*'.8'$3))%1'>#.O3$%,-'6B.*6B.)&%*-%1'C.,)*@
IC3*%*'FU'M'C.,)*'8.14'-B%'1",7*
Directionality/
IJK'%,)'B3*'6B.*6B3-%
IDK'%,)'B3*'81%%'B;)1.5;$'71."6
I71.F*'JK'-.'DK
(IA'-F.'C.,)*
LIR'-B1%%'C.,)*
:1.-%&,*
+",#-&.,*/'%,T;4%*2')%8%,*&O%'61.-%&,*2'B.14.,3$'3,)'1%7"$3-.1;2'1%#%6-.12'*-.137%2'*-1"#-"13$2'-13,*6.1-2'7%,%-&#'1%7"$3-.1;
9.,.4%1*/'34&,.'3#&)*
Structure/of/Amino/Acids:
IAF.'8",#-&.,3$'71."6*/'34&,.'71."6'>!'#.,-3&,&,7@2'3#&)&#'#31C.5;$'71."6'
I(4&,.'71."6'>!MP@'#3,'C%'61.-.,3-%)'>!MDV@
Categories/of/Amino/Acids:
+.#"*'.,'*&)%'#B3&,*'>='71."6*@'-.')&88%1%,-&3-%
6.$31'3,)'#B317%)I#3,').,3-%U3##%6-'61.-.,*E@
6.$31'3,)'",#B317%)I B3O%'G'3O3&$3C$%'-.'631-&#&63-%'&,'M'C.,)*'>*.4%-&4%*'!@P@
,.,6.$31I.8-%,'W"*-'L'3,)'MD@
*6%#&3$'#3*%*IH@
CysteineI #3,'*B%)'M'3,)'8.14'#.O3$%,-'C.,)'C%-F%%,'0'&,'-F.'L;*-%&,%*
I)&*"$8&)%'C.,)'
GlycineI *&)%'#B3&,'&*'W"*-'M2'#3,'8&-'&,-.'*43$$'*63#%*'&,'61.-%&,
ProlineI #B3&,'.8'ML2'$&,N%)'C3#N'-.'34&,.'71."62'C"$N;2'N&,N%)'631-'.8'61.-%&,
Protein/Backbone/'3$$'34&,.'3#&)*'$&,N%)'-.7%-B%1'>,.-'#.",-&,7'='71."6*@
Polypeptide/Chain/'.,%'*-1&,7'.8'34&,.'3#&)*
Protein/'#.46.*%)'.8'.,%'.1'4.1%'6.$;6%6-&)%'#B3&,*
Levels/of/Protein/Structure:
IPrimary/StructureI *%?"%,#%'.8'34&,.'3#&)*'&,'3'6.$;6%6-&)%'#B3&,'F&-B',.'8.$)&,7'>6%6-&)%'C.,)*@
ISecondary/StructureI8.$)'&,-.'3$6B3'B%$&5'.1'C%-3'*B%%-2'1%7"$31'3,)'1%6%3-%)'63--%1,*'&,'$.#3$'1%7&.,*2'*-3C&$&T%)'C;'M'C.,)*'
>81.4'C3#NC.,%'.,$;2',.'='71."6*@
ITertiary/StructureI %,-&1%'6.$;6%6-&)%'#B3&,'&*'C%,-'3,)'8.$)%)'"6.,'&-*%$82')%8&,&-&O%'D<'*B36%2'#3,'B3O%'4.1%'-B3,'.,%'
*%#.,)31;'*-1"#-"1%2'&,-%13#-&.,*'C%-F%%,'='71."6*'>*&)%'#B3&,*@>)&*"$8&)%'8.1'#;*-%&,%2',.,I#.O3$%,-'8.1'1%*-@
IQuaternary/StructureI -F.'.1'4.1%'6.$;6%6-&)%'#B3&,*'#.4%'-.7%-B%12'*-3C&$&T%)'C;',.,I#.O3$%,-'&,-%13#-&.,*'>#3,'3$*.'.##"1'
-B1."7B')&*"$8&)%'C.,)*@
I<%,3-"13-&.,I)&*1"6-&.,'.8'8.$)%)'*-1"#-"1%
X,T;4%*
X,T;4%*'31%'#3-3$;*-*'>-B%;'*6%%)'"6'1%3#-&.,*@
G,$;'*6%%)'"6'13-%'.8'1%3#-&.,
<.,K-'#B3,7%'*6.,-3,%&-;'
<.,K-'3$-%1')%$-3RU)%$-3R,3"7B-
<.,K-'#B3,7%'%?"&$&C1&"4'4&5-"1%
Types/of/Inhibition:
IL.46%-&-&O%'Y,B&C&-.1I C&,)*'-.'3#-&O%'*&-%'3,)')%#1%3*%*'13-%'.8'15,
I!.,#.46%-&-&O%'Y,B&C&-.1I C&,)*'-.'3$$.*-%1&#'*&-%2'#B3,7&,7'-B%'*B36%'.8'-B%'3#-&O%'*&-%2')%#1%3*%*'13-%'.8'15,
X,T;4%*'$.F%1'3#-&O3-&.,'%,%17;I ,%%)'-.'7.'-B1."7B'-13,*&-&.,'*-3-%'>FB%,'*"C*-13-%*'31%'#.,O%1-%)'-.'61.)"#-*2'-B%'B&7B'
%,%17;'*-1"#-"1%'-B3-'&*'8.14%)@
Protein/Folding:
I8.$)'&,-.'",&?"%'D<'*-1"#-"1%*
IF&$$'8.$)'&,-.'4.1%'%,%17%-$$;'*-3C$%'*-1"#-"1%
I435&4&T%'%56.*"1%'.8'6.$31'3,)'#B317%)'*&)%'#B3&,*
IC&.$.7$$;'3#-&O%'8.$)%)'61.-%&,'*-1"#-"1%I,3-&O%'*-1"#-"1%
Peptide/Bonds:
I$&,N'34&,.'3#&)*
I-B1."7B'#.,)%,*3-&.,
I1%?"&1%*',%-'&,6"-'.8'%,%17;
IC%-F%%,'L'3,)'!'F&-B'LSG'3,)'!IM
Protein/Growth:
I#3,'.,$;'71.F'81.4'34&,.'%,)'>!'-%14&,"*@'-.'#31C.5;$'%,)'>L'-%14&,"*@
LB36-%1'D/'!"#$%&#'(#&)*2':1.-%&,*2'3,)'X,T;4%*
Monday, October 23, 2017
1:10 PM
!"#$%&#'(#&)*
+",#-&.,/'0-.1%2'-13,*4&-2'3,)'%561%**'7%,%-&#'&,8.143-&.,
9.,.4%1*/'!"#$%.-&)%*
:.$;4%1*/'<!('3,)'=!('>"*%)'-.'%,#.)%'*%?"%,#%*'.8'34&,.'3#&)*'&,'61.-%&,*@
Nucleotides
AB1%%'#.46.,%,-*/',&-1.7%,."*'C3*%2'6%,-.*%'*"7312'D'6B.*6B3-%'71."6*'>E'FB%,'#.,,%#-%)@
:B.*6B3-%'71."6/':GH
Linking/Nucleotides:
I6%,-.*%'*"731'&,'$3*-',"#$%.-&)%'&,'#B3&,'C.,)*'F&-B'6B.*6B3-%'71."6'.,'-B%',%F',"#$%.-&)%'
>:'3--3#B%)'-.'JKL'.,'&-*'*"731@'>C.,)'.##"1*'C%-F%%,':'3,)'DKL'GM'71."6@
I71.F'&,'JK'-.'DK')&1%#-&.,
I#.,)%,*3-&.,'1%3#-&.,
I8.14'phosphodiester/bonds
Complementary/Base/Pairing:
IC3*%*'$&,N%)'C;'M'C.,)*'>F%3N'&,)&O&)"3$$;2'*-1.,7'F&-B'-B%',"4C%1'.8'-B%4@
Nitrogenous/bases:
:;1&4&)&,%*'>.,%'1&,7@I
L;-.*&,%'>!MP@
AB;4&,%'>MDL@
Q13#&$
:"1&,%*'>-F.'1&,7*@I
()%,&,%
R"3,&,%'>LSG@
Pentose/Sugar:
<%.5;1&C.*%'&,'<!('>.,%'$%**'G@
=&C.*%'&,'=!(
<&88%1'3-'-B%'PKL'6.*&-&.,
!"4C%1'L'*-31-&,7'3-'C3*%
I:'3--3#B%)'-.'JKL
IC3*%'3--3#B%)'-.'EKL
=!(/
I8.$)'.,-.'&-*%$82'M'C.,)*'C%-F%%,',"#$%.-&)%*
I*-3C&$&T%'&,-.'D<'*B36%
<!(/
I*"731'3,)'6B.*6B3-%'71."6*'8.14'*&)%*'.8'$3))%1'>#.O3$%,-'6B.*6B.)&%*-%1'C.,)*@
IC3*%*'FU'M'C.,)*'8.14'-B%'1",7*
Directionality/
IJK'%,)'B3*'6B.*6B3-%
IDK'%,)'B3*'81%%'B;)1.5;$'71."6
I71.F*'JK'-.'DK
(IA'-F.'C.,)*
LIR'-B1%%'C.,)*
:1.-%&,*
+",#-&.,*/'%,T;4%*2')%8%,*&O%'61.-%&,*2'B.14.,3$'3,)'1%7"$3-.1;2'1%#%6-.12'*-.137%2'*-1"#-"13$2'-13,*6.1-2'7%,%-&#'1%7"$3-.1;
9.,.4%1*/'34&,.'3#&)*
Structure/of/Amino/Acids:
IAF.'8",#-&.,3$'71."6*/'34&,.'71."6'>!'#.,-3&,&,7@2'3#&)&#'#31C.5;$'71."6'
I(4&,.'71."6'>!MP@'#3,'C%'61.-.,3-%)'>!MDV@
Categories/of/Amino/Acids:
+.#"*'.,'*&)%'#B3&,*'>='71."6*@'-.')&88%1%,-&3-%
6.$31'3,)'#B317%)I#3,').,3-%U3##%6-'61.-.,*E@
6.$31'3,)'",#B317%)I B3O%'G'3O3&$3C$%'-.'631-&#&63-%'&,'M'C.,)*'>*.4%-&4%*'!@P@
,.,6.$31I.8-%,'W"*-'L'3,)'MD@
*6%#&3$'#3*%*IH@
CysteineI #3,'*B%)'M'3,)'8.14'#.O3$%,-'C.,)'C%-F%%,'0'&,'-F.'L;*-%&,%*
I)&*"$8&)%'C.,)'
GlycineI *&)%'#B3&,'&*'W"*-'M2'#3,'8&-'&,-.'*43$$'*63#%*'&,'61.-%&,
ProlineI #B3&,'.8'ML2'$&,N%)'C3#N'-.'34&,.'71."62'C"$N;2'N&,N%)'631-'.8'61.-%&,
Protein/Backbone/'3$$'34&,.'3#&)*'$&,N%)'-.7%-B%1'>,.-'#.",-&,7'='71."6*@
Polypeptide/Chain/'.,%'*-1&,7'.8'34&,.'3#&)*
Protein/'#.46.*%)'.8'.,%'.1'4.1%'6.$;6%6-&)%'#B3&,*
Levels/of/Protein/Structure:
IPrimary/StructureI *%?"%,#%'.8'34&,.'3#&)*'&,'3'6.$;6%6-&)%'#B3&,'F&-B',.'8.$)&,7'>6%6-&)%'C.,)*@
ISecondary/StructureI8.$)'&,-.'3$6B3'B%$&5'.1'C%-3'*B%%-2'1%7"$31'3,)'1%6%3-%)'63--%1,*'&,'$.#3$'1%7&.,*2'*-3C&$&T%)'C;'M'C.,)*'
>81.4'C3#NC.,%'.,$;2',.'='71."6*@
ITertiary/StructureI %,-&1%'6.$;6%6-&)%'#B3&,'&*'C%,-'3,)'8.$)%)'"6.,'&-*%$82')%8&,&-&O%'D<'*B36%2'#3,'B3O%'4.1%'-B3,'.,%'
*%#.,)31;'*-1"#-"1%2'&,-%13#-&.,*'C%-F%%,'='71."6*'>*&)%'#B3&,*@>)&*"$8&)%'8.1'#;*-%&,%2',.,I#.O3$%,-'8.1'1%*-@
IQuaternary/StructureI -F.'.1'4.1%'6.$;6%6-&)%'#B3&,*'#.4%'-.7%-B%12'*-3C&$&T%)'C;',.,I#.O3$%,-'&,-%13#-&.,*'>#3,'3$*.'.##"1'
-B1."7B')&*"$8&)%'C.,)*@
I<%,3-"13-&.,I)&*1"6-&.,'.8'8.$)%)'*-1"#-"1%
X,T;4%*
X,T;4%*'31%'#3-3$;*-*'>-B%;'*6%%)'"6'1%3#-&.,*@
G,$;'*6%%)'"6'13-%'.8'1%3#-&.,
<.,K-'#B3,7%'*6.,-3,%&-;'
<.,K-'3$-%1')%$-3RU)%$-3R,3"7B-
<.,K-'#B3,7%'%?"&$&C1&"4'4&5-"1%
Types/of/Inhibition:
IL.46%-&-&O%'Y,B&C&-.1I C&,)*'-.'3#-&O%'*&-%'3,)')%#1%3*%*'13-%'.8'15,
I!.,#.46%-&-&O%'Y,B&C&-.1I C&,)*'-.'3$$.*-%1&#'*&-%2'#B3,7&,7'-B%'*B36%'.8'-B%'3#-&O%'*&-%2')%#1%3*%*'13-%'.8'15,
X,T;4%*'$.F%1'3#-&O3-&.,'%,%17;I ,%%)'-.'7.'-B1."7B'-13,*&-&.,'*-3-%'>FB%,'*"C*-13-%*'31%'#.,O%1-%)'-.'61.)"#-*2'-B%'B&7B'
%,%17;'*-1"#-"1%'-B3-'&*'8.14%)@
Protein/Folding:
I8.$)'&,-.'",&?"%'D<'*-1"#-"1%*
IF&$$'8.$)'&,-.'4.1%'%,%17%-$$;'*-3C$%'*-1"#-"1%
I435&4&T%'%56.*"1%'.8'6.$31'3,)'#B317%)'*&)%'#B3&,*
IC&.$.7$$;'3#-&O%'8.$)%)'61.-%&,'*-1"#-"1%I,3-&O%'*-1"#-"1%
Peptide/Bonds:
I$&,N'34&,.'3#&)*
I-B1."7B'#.,)%,*3-&.,
I1%?"&1%*',%-'&,6"-'.8'%,%17;
IC%-F%%,'L'3,)'!'F&-B'LSG'3,)'!IM
Protein/Growth:
I#3,'.,$;'71.F'81.4'34&,.'%,)'>!'-%14&,"*@'-.'#31C.5;$'%,)'>L'-%14&,"*@
LB36-%1'D/'!"#$%&#'(#&)*2':1.-%&,*2'3,)'X,T;4%*
Monday, October 23, 2017
1:10 PM
!"#$%&#'(#&)*
+",#-&.,/'0-.1%2'-13,*4&-2'3,)'%561%**'7%,%-&#'&,8.143-&.,
9.,.4%1*/'!"#$%.-&)%*
:.$;4%1*/'<!('3,)'=!('>"*%)'-.'%,#.)%'*%?"%,#%*'.8'34&,.'3#&)*'&,'61.-%&,*@
Nucleotides
AB1%%'#.46.,%,-*/',&-1.7%,."*'C3*%2'6%,-.*%'*"7312'D'6B.*6B3-%'71."6*'>E'FB%,'#.,,%#-%)@
:B.*6B3-%'71."6/':GH
Linking/Nucleotides:
I6%,-.*%'*"731'&,'$3*-',"#$%.-&)%'&,'#B3&,'C.,)*'F&-B'6B.*6B3-%'71."6'.,'-B%',%F',"#$%.-&)%'
>:'3--3#B%)'-.'JKL'.,'&-*'*"731@'>C.,)'.##"1*'C%-F%%,':'3,)'DKL'GM'71."6@
I71.F'&,'JK'-.'DK')&1%#-&.,
I#.,)%,*3-&.,'1%3#-&.,
I8.14'phosphodiester/bonds
Complementary/Base/Pairing:
IC3*%*'$&,N%)'C;'M'C.,)*'>F%3N'&,)&O&)"3$$;2'*-1.,7'F&-B'-B%',"4C%1'.8'-B%4@
Nitrogenous/bases:
:;1&4&)&,%*'>.,%'1&,7@I
L;-.*&,%'>!MP@
AB;4&,%'>MDL@
Q13#&$
:"1&,%*'>-F.'1&,7*@I
()%,&,%
R"3,&,%'>LSG@
Pentose/Sugar:
<%.5;1&C.*%'&,'<!('>.,%'$%**'G@
=&C.*%'&,'=!(
<&88%1'3-'-B%'PKL'6.*&-&.,
!"4C%1'L'*-31-&,7'3-'C3*%
I:'3--3#B%)'-.'JKL
IC3*%'3--3#B%)'-.'EKL
=!(/
I8.$)'.,-.'&-*%$82'M'C.,)*'C%-F%%,',"#$%.-&)%*
I*-3C&$&T%'&,-.'D<'*B36%
<!(/
I*"731'3,)'6B.*6B3-%'71."6*'8.14'*&)%*'.8'$3))%1'>#.O3$%,-'6B.*6B.)&%*-%1'C.,)*@
IC3*%*'FU'M'C.,)*'8.14'-B%'1",7*
Directionality/
IJK'%,)'B3*'6B.*6B3-%
IDK'%,)'B3*'81%%'B;)1.5;$'71."6
I71.F*'JK'-.'DK
(IA'-F.'C.,)*
LIR'-B1%%'C.,)*
:1.-%&,*
+",#-&.,*/'%,T;4%*2')%8%,*&O%'61.-%&,*2'B.14.,3$'3,)'1%7"$3-.1;2'1%#%6-.12'*-.137%2'*-1"#-"13$2'-13,*6.1-2'7%,%-&#'1%7"$3-.1;
9.,.4%1*/'34&,.'3#&)*
Structure/of/Amino/Acids:
IAF.'8",#-&.,3$'71."6*/'34&,.'71."6'>!'#.,-3&,&,7@2'3#&)&#'#31C.5;$'71."6'
I(4&,.'71."6'>!MP@'#3,'C%'61.-.,3-%)'>!MDV@
Categories/of/Amino/Acids:
+.#"*'.,'*&)%'#B3&,*'>='71."6*@'-.')&88%1%,-&3-%
6.$31'3,)'#B317%)I#3,').,3-%U3##%6-'61.-.,*E@
6.$31'3,)'",#B317%)I B3O%'G'3O3&$3C$%'-.'631-&#&63-%'&,'M'C.,)*'>*.4%-&4%*'!@P@
,.,6.$31I.8-%,'W"*-'L'3,)'MD@
*6%#&3$'#3*%*IH@
CysteineI #3,'*B%)'M'3,)'8.14'#.O3$%,-'C.,)'C%-F%%,'0'&,'-F.'L;*-%&,%*
I)&*"$8&)%'C.,)'
GlycineI *&)%'#B3&,'&*'W"*-'M2'#3,'8&-'&,-.'*43$$'*63#%*'&,'61.-%&,
ProlineI #B3&,'.8'ML2'$&,N%)'C3#N'-.'34&,.'71."62'C"$N;2'N&,N%)'631-'.8'61.-%&,
Protein/Backbone/'3$$'34&,.'3#&)*'$&,N%)'-.7%-B%1'>,.-'#.",-&,7'='71."6*@
Polypeptide/Chain/'.,%'*-1&,7'.8'34&,.'3#&)*
Protein/'#.46.*%)'.8'.,%'.1'4.1%'6.$;6%6-&)%'#B3&,*
Levels/of/Protein/Structure:
IPrimary/StructureI *%?"%,#%'.8'34&,.'3#&)*'&,'3'6.$;6%6-&)%'#B3&,'F&-B',.'8.$)&,7'>6%6-&)%'C.,)*@
ISecondary/StructureI8.$)'&,-.'3$6B3'B%$&5'.1'C%-3'*B%%-2'1%7"$31'3,)'1%6%3-%)'63--%1,*'&,'$.#3$'1%7&.,*2'*-3C&$&T%)'C;'M'C.,)*'
>81.4'C3#NC.,%'.,$;2',.'='71."6*@
ITertiary/StructureI %,-&1%'6.$;6%6-&)%'#B3&,'&*'C%,-'3,)'8.$)%)'"6.,'&-*%$82')%8&,&-&O%'D<'*B36%2'#3,'B3O%'4.1%'-B3,'.,%'
*%#.,)31;'*-1"#-"1%2'&,-%13#-&.,*'C%-F%%,'='71."6*'>*&)%'#B3&,*@>)&*"$8&)%'8.1'#;*-%&,%2',.,I#.O3$%,-'8.1'1%*-@
IQuaternary/StructureI -F.'.1'4.1%'6.$;6%6-&)%'#B3&,*'#.4%'-.7%-B%12'*-3C&$&T%)'C;',.,I#.O3$%,-'&,-%13#-&.,*'>#3,'3$*.'.##"1'
-B1."7B')&*"$8&)%'C.,)*@
I<%,3-"13-&.,I)&*1"6-&.,'.8'8.$)%)'*-1"#-"1%
X,T;4%*
X,T;4%*'31%'#3-3$;*-*'>-B%;'*6%%)'"6'1%3#-&.,*@
G,$;'*6%%)'"6'13-%'.8'1%3#-&.,
<.,K-'#B3,7%'*6.,-3,%&-;'
<.,K-'3$-%1')%$-3RU)%$-3R,3"7B-
<.,K-'#B3,7%'%?"&$&C1&"4'4&5-"1%
Types/of/Inhibition:
IL.46%-&-&O%'Y,B&C&-.1I C&,)*'-.'3#-&O%'*&-%'3,)')%#1%3*%*'13-%'.8'15,
I!.,#.46%-&-&O%'Y,B&C&-.1I C&,)*'-.'3$$.*-%1&#'*&-%2'#B3,7&,7'-B%'*B36%'.8'-B%'3#-&O%'*&-%2')%#1%3*%*'13-%'.8'15,
X,T;4%*'$.F%1'3#-&O3-&.,'%,%17;I ,%%)'-.'7.'-B1."7B'-13,*&-&.,'*-3-%'>FB%,'*"C*-13-%*'31%'#.,O%1-%)'-.'61.)"#-*2'-B%'B&7B'
%,%17;'*-1"#-"1%'-B3-'&*'8.14%)@
Protein/Folding:
I8.$)'&,-.'",&?"%'D<'*-1"#-"1%*
IF&$$'8.$)'&,-.'4.1%'%,%17%-$$;'*-3C$%'*-1"#-"1%
I435&4&T%'%56.*"1%'.8'6.$31'3,)'#B317%)'*&)%'#B3&,*
IC&.$.7$$;'3#-&O%'8.$)%)'61.-%&,'*-1"#-"1%I,3-&O%'*-1"#-"1%
Peptide/Bonds:
I$&,N'34&,.'3#&)*
I-B1."7B'#.,)%,*3-&.,
I1%?"&1%*',%-'&,6"-'.8'%,%17;
IC%-F%%,'L'3,)'!'F&-B'LSG'3,)'!IM
Protein/Growth:
I#3,'.,$;'71.F'81.4'34&,.'%,)'>!'-%14&,"*@'-.'#31C.5;$'%,)'>L'-%14&,"*@
LB36-%1'D/'!"#$%&#'(#&)*2':1.-%&,*2'3,)'X,T;4%*
Monday, October 23, 2017 1:10 PM
Document Summary
Polymers: dna and rna (used to encode sequences of amino acids in proteins) Pentose sugar in last nucleotide in chain bonds with phosphate group on the new nucleotide (p attached to 5"c on its sugar) (bond occurs between p and 3"c oh group) Three components: nitrogenous base, pentose sugar, 3 phosphate groups (1 when connected) Pentose sugar in last nucleotide in chain bonds with phosphate group on the new nucleotide. Bases linked by h bonds (weak individually, strong with the number of them) Focus on side chains (r groups) to differentiate. Sugar and phosphate groups form sides of ladder (covalent phosphodiester bonds) Two functional groups: amino group (n containing), acidic carboxyl group. Focus on side chains (r groups) to differentiate polar and charged-can donate/accept protons: polar and uncharged-have o available to participate in h bonds (sometimes n, nonpolar-often just c and h. Cysteine-can shed h and form covalent bond between s in two cysteines.