AHS 100 Chapter Notes - Chapter 9: Medical Diagnosis, Arteriosclerosis, Aortic Stenosis

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AHS 100 Chapter 9: The Cardiovascular System- Cardiology



❏The cardiovascular system is the body’s transport system that

provides nourishment, cleanup services, and communication. There

are two parts to this system: the cardio(heart) and the

vascular(blood vessels). The heart is the pump that squeezes blood

out to the body, and the vessels are the tubes that carry the blood.

Together they transport all manner of essential nutrients, blood

cells, and chemical signals. They also work together to help rid the

body of waste.

❏9.1 Word Parts of the Cardiovascular System

❏Heart: the heart is the workhouse of the critical transport

system. It constantly pumps, getting blood to all the places it

needs to go. Heart is divided into four chambers: the left and

right receiving rooms(atria) and left and right sending

rooms(ventricles). Left side of the heart handles oxygen- rich

blood and the right side handled the oxygen- poor blood. A

thick wall of muscle, the septum, divides the left and right sides

❏Blood constantly cycles between the body and the heart and

collects in the atria. Blood that has nourished the body and is

ready to go to the lungs for more oxygen collects in the right

atrium. After getting a fresh supply of oxygen, blood returns to

the heart via the left atrium. From the atria, blood on both

sides, passes through the one- way doors of the valves into the

ventricles.

❏In a normal heart, there is no blood flow between the left and

right side. There are connections between the atria and

ventricles, and between the ventricles and the blood vessels.

The connection between each atrium and ventricle is a valve

that allows blood to flow in one direction. The mitral valve

connects the left atrium and ventricle. The aortic valve

connects the left ventricle to the outgoing blood vessel, the

aorta. On the right side, the connector between the atrium and

ventricle is the tricuspid valve. The pulmonary valve connects

the right ventricle and the outgoing blood vessel, the

pulmonary artery.

❏Valve: valvul/o

❏Atrium: atri/o

❏Septum: sept/o

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Related Questions

Select 30 medical terms from the articles.

Complete the table in this document, like the Summary Tables in your textbook.

In the first column list the medical term.

In the second column, list any prefixes and define them.

In the third column, list the root and define it.

In the fourth column, list any suffixes and define them.

In the fifth column list the exact definition of the term.

NOTE: You many not use any medical terms that appear in any of the summary tables in your textbook.

Make sure to include references to the articles your terms come from.

1: Facelift Anatomy

With age, characteristic changes occur in the central third of the face. ^[¹^] A youthful midface is characterized by prominent cheeks and a smooth transition between the lower eyelid and cheek. Structural, soft tissue, and skin changes develop as wrinkles and creases, progressive ptosis, and general atrophy of the structures.

Pessa confirmed the changes seen in the bony structures of the face, and these include a downward migration of cephalometric points. ^[²^] The downward migration manifests as a change in soft tissue volume. The effects of gravity and repeated animation of the face also directly affect the soft tissue that overlies the mimetic musculature.

The results of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) evaluations have helped to determine that the mimetic muscles themselves remain intact; however, the attachment to the overlying soft tissue and skin changes. The repeated action of smiling results in deepening of the nasolabial fold at the point at which the superficial musculoaponeurotic system (SMAS) inserts into the dermis.

2: Pancreas Anatomy

Embryology

The pancreas develops as 2 buds (outpouchings) of endoderm from the primitive duodenum at the junction of the foregut and the midgut. A small ventral bud (pouch) forms the lower (inferior) part of the head and the uncinate process of pancreas, whereas a large dorsal bud (pouch) forms the upper (0) part of the head as well as the body and tail of the pancreas. The ventral bud rotates behind the duodenum dorsally from right to left and fuses with the dorsal bud, and the duct of the distal part (body and tail) of the dorsal bud unites with the duct of the ventral bud to form the main pancreatic duct (of Wirsung). Because the common bile duct (CBD) also arises from the ventral bud, it forms a common channel with the main pancreatic duct. The remaining proximal part (head) of the duct of the dorsal bud remains as the accessory pancreatic duct (of Santorini).

3: Conduction System of the Heart

The conducting system of the heart consists of cardiac muscle cells and conducting fibers (not nervous tissue) that are specialized for initiating impulses and conducting them rapidly through the heart (see the image below). They initiate the normal cardiac cycle and coordinate the contractions of cardiac chambers. Both atria contract together, as do the ventricles, but atrial contraction occurs first.

The conducting system provides the heart its automatic rhythmic beat. For the heart to pump efficiently and the systemic and pulmonary circulations to operate in synchrony, the events in the cardiac cycle must be coordinated.

4:Spleen Anatomy

Overview

The spleen is an organ shaped like a shoe that lies relative to the 9th and 11th ribs and is located in the left hypochondrium and partly in the epigastrium. Thus, the spleen is situated between the fundus of the stomach and the diaphragm. The spleen is very vascular and reddish purple in color; its size and weight vary. A healthy spleen is not palpable.

Development

The spleen develops in the cephalic part of dorsal mesogastrium (from its left layer; during the sixth week of intrauterine life) into a number of nodules that fuse and form a lobulated spleen. Notching of the superior border of the adult spleen is evidence of its multiple origin (see the image below)

5:Lung Anatomy

Development

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AHS 100 Chapter Notes - Chapter 9: Medical Diagnosis, Arteriosclerosis, Aortic Stenosis

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