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BIOL 118 Chapter Notes - Chapter 16: Mitosis, Polyploid, Reading Frame

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oliveant250
26 Apr 2017
School
Binghamton University
Department
Biology
Course
BIOL 118
Professor
Dennis Mc Gee, Steven Tammariello

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Document Summary

Dna is blueprint of the cell: cells are like construction sites, enzymes are like construction workers. Biologists knew about dna, heredity, chromosomes and genes. Didn"t understand gene expression: the process of converting information in dna into fn molecules within the cell. Francis crick proposed that the sequence of bases in dna acted as a code: dna is information storage molecules, different combinations of bases specify specify the 20 amino acid sequences. A particular stretch of dna (a gene) specifies the amino acid sequence of one protein. The info in the sequence of dna is not directly translated to the amino acid sequence of a protein. Rna as the intermediary between genes and proteins. Messenger rna (mrna) was found to carry information from dna to the site of protein synthesis. Copies the code by matching complementary nucleotides. *** go over a lot of experiments about mrna as an intermediate.

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Related Questions

Which of the following statements is true?

A.) Molecules of mRNA are translated from 3' to 5'

B.) For each amino acid found naturally in proteins, there is only one codon in the genetic code.

C.)The Shine-Dalgarno sequence is found in the promoters of genes in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms.

D.) During translation, both strands of DNA are used as templates for the construction of two new strands of protein.

E.) When considering the initiation of transcription one often finds consensus sequences, such as the TATA box, located in the region of the DNA where RNA polymerase(s) bind.

DNA Structure and Function LabReport

  1. DNA Structure
  2. Which two scientists are credited with discovering DNA?
  1. Name the nitrogen bases that are purines.
  1. Which nitrogen base pairs with thymine?
  1. List the three components of a nucleotide.
  1. DNA Replication
  2. What is the purpose of DNA replication?
  1. How many times does replication occur in the life of acell?
  1. In the Lab, Exercise 2, the original strand on the left had thebases shown below. Input the new bases that correctly pair with theoriginal strand.

Original

New

C

A

G

T
  1. RNA Structure
  1. Describe the structure and function of RNA.
  1. Refer to Exercise 3 and record the bases of the RNA strandproduced from the replicated DNA strand.

DNA

RNA

C

A

G

T

  1. Record the differences between DNA and RNA in the tablebelow.

DNA

RNA

Sugars

Bases

Strands

  1. RNA Synthesis

  1. The process of assembling RNA is called _________.
  1. How is replication different from transcription?
  1. Refer to Exercise 4. Write the letters for the base sequence ofmRNA in the spaces below DNA. Note that the order is reversed;start with the 3’ end of the DNA strand and the 5’ end of the mRNAstrand. Transcription is DNA to mRNA. Note RNA contains Uracilinstead of Thymine; There is no thymine in RNA.

DNA

3’

C

G

T

C

G

T

C

C

A

A

T

T

5’

mRNA

5’

3’

  1. Protein Synthesis

  1. What type of RNA provides amino acids to build polypeptidechains?

  1. If a mRNA strand has the bases 5’ CUC 3’, what amino acid willbe translated? Refer to the printable chart in Exercise 5.

  1. Where in the cell does translation occur?
  1. Genes

  1. What could be the problem if there is a change in the basesequence of a gene as it is passed down to the offspring?
  1. Give an example of a disorder that results from changes in theamino acid sequence.
  1. What causes sickle cell anemia?
  1. Gene Cloning
  1. What is the function of a plasmid?
  1. Print the document from Lab, Exercise 6. Complete the activityalong with the video demonstration. Sign, date, and take an imageof your final product and include with this lab report.

What is DNA?

1. DNA is often referred to as a ladder. What pieces of the DNA molecule make up the rungs of the ladder (the steps)?

2. What pieces of the DNA molecule make up the sides of the ladder?

3. What types of bond occurs between the bases in the DNA molecule?

4. What makes up chromosomes? What is Gene?

5. How long does it take 1 cell to copy its genetic information? 6. How does the DNA copy itself so fast? What tricks does it use?

7. Describe how the bonds between base pairs work to hold the DNA strand together

DNA Replication

1. How many genes are in the human genome?

2. What are the differences between mRNA and DNA?

3. Where in the cell does transcription and translation occur? (give both places)

4. Which RNA piece reads the mRNA and how does it do this?

5. What is the start sequence? What amino acid does this code for?

6. What 3 codes tell ribosomal RNA to stop reading and release the protein?

DNA Extraction

1. List three differences between the virtual DNA extraction lab and the banana extraction lab you did last week.