HUMA 205 Chapter 1: Chapter 1 Note part 11
943. Artists such as Ingres, David, and Canova were infl uenced by Pompeian paintings and sculptures;
on a more popular level, a style of Wedgwood china was based on Pompeian motifs.
944. CHAPTER 2 Early Greece Yet even though Homer’s genius is beyond doubt, little else about him
is clear.
945. Theories about when he had lived ranged from the time of the Trojan War, around 1250 bce, to fi
ve hundred years later.
946. Egyptian society was dominated by a strong central monarchy, with the pharaoh (the Egyptian
king) presiding over a large bureaucracy that administered the aff airs of state.
947. The quantity was staggering: pottery, frescoes, inscribed tablets, and, on April 13, a room with
elaborate paintings and a raised seat with high back—the throne room of King Minos [Fig.
948. Of the three great tragic poets, Sophocles was the most prosperous and successful; he was a
personal friend of Pericles.
949. Faced by the greatest threat in their history, the Greeks had managed to present a united front.
950. Constantine built his new capital, which became the center of the Byzantine Empire, as a “New
Rome” in the East.
951. In Book VI, Aeneas journeys to the underworld to hear from the spirit of his father the destiny of
Rome.
952. These conquerors were fi rst the Macedonians and then, above all, the Romans, possessors of
practical skills that they used to construct a world suffi ciently at peace for ideas to have a place in it.
953. Furthermore, just as individuals could create works with a virtuous, moral ethos, so too the state
would be served by “ethical” music.
954. Its best-known feature is the South Porch, where the roof rests not on columns but on the famous
caryatids, statues of young women [Fig.
955. If this is so, and many literary critics would deny it, Sophocles seems to be describing the fi nal
helplessness of humanity in the face of forces that we cannot control and warning against too great a
belief in self-reliance.
956. At the same time, the change in the artist’s social role produced a change in the function of the
work.
957. Even as far away as India, sculptors and town planners were infl uenced by ideas developed by
Athenians of the fi fth and fourth centuries bce.
958. Each of the epics consists basically of several shorter folktales that were combined, gradually
evolving over a century or more into the works as we now know them.
959. Throughout the Late Period, artists reverted again to the styles of earlier periods.
960. Like the other dramatists, he draws the subject matter of his plays from traditional myths, but the
lines delivered by the actors must have sounded in their hearers’ ears with a terrible relevance.
961. To the Romans of his own time it seemed that a new Golden Age had dawned, and for centuries
afterward his memory was revered.
962. After the fi nal defeat of the conspirators (42 bce), a temporary peace was obtained by putting
Octavian in charge of the western provinces and sending Antony to the East.
963. Fragments were discovered in the 16th century; the remaining pieces were located in 1937 and
1938, and the structure was reconstructed near the mausoleum of Augustus.
964. The wall paintings of this period are among the greatest treasures of all.
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965. Perhaps the most endearing fi gure of the late Republic was Marcus Tullius Cicero (106–43 bce),
who fi rst made his reputation as a lawyer.
966. According to Epicurus (341– 271 bce), the founder of the school (Epicureanism), the correct goal
and principle of human actions is pleasure.
967. Invasion by enemies, internal strife, and natural causes have all been suggested, but the fall of the
Mycenaeans still remains mysterious.
968. He had an opportunity, and the necessity, to practice the moral fortitude about which he wrote
when his former pupil, the emperor Nero, ordered him to commit suicide, since the taking of one’s
own life was fully sanctioned by Stoic philosophers.
969. All study of the Minoans has been strongly infl uenced by his initial classifi cation of the fi nds,
especially the pottery.
970. The later Romans’ own grandiose picture of the early days of their city was intended to glamorize
its origins, but only with the arrival of the Etruscans did anything like an urban center begin to
develop.
971. Here the poet invokes the goddess of poetic inspiration: “Sing, goddess, of the anger of Peleus’ son
Achilles, which disastrously inflicted countless sufferings on the Greeks, sending the strong souls of
many heroes to Hades and leaving their bodies to be devoured by dogs and all birds.
972. To some extent these realistic sculptures are based on such Etruscan models as the heads of the old
couple on the Volterra sarcophagus (see Figure 4.6) rather than on Hellenistic portraits, which
idealized their subjects.
973. The nature of the building produced other design problems.
974. Works such as the Altar of Zeus at Pergamum were commissioned by Hellenistic rulers to glorify
their reigns.
975. Both sides showed a fl exibility and spirit of compromise that produced a gradual growth in
plebeian power while avoiding any split disastrous enough to interrupt Rome’s growing domination of
the Italian peninsula.
976. National Archaeological Museum, Athens, Greece//© The Art Archive/Gianni Dagli Orti .
977. Prosperous diners could fl avor their food with fi ne olive oil, for which Athens was famous
throughout the Mediterranean, and eat excellent fruit, also an Athenian specialty.
978. The rediscovery in the twentieth century of these peoples—the Minoans of Crete and A Young
Girl’s Song to Her Beloved Oh, flower of henna! My heart stands still in thy presence.
979. The Parthenon remained almost undamaged until 1687 when Turkish forces occupying Athens
had their gunpowder stored inside the building.
980. This Attic black-fi gure krater, intended for mixing wine and water, may have been commissioned
for a wedding.
981. The various schools of Presocratic philosophers are often complex and diffi cult to understand
because of the kinds of questions they addressed and also the fragmentary nature of the texts in which
their ideas have survived.
982. There has been considerable debate about whether this work is a genuine original or a high-
quality later copy.
983. It is most clearly expressed in his Theory of Forms, according to which in a higher dimension of
existence there are perfect forms, of which all the phenomena we perceive in the world around us
represent pale refl ections.
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Document Summary
Artists such as ingres, david, and canova were infl uenced by pompeian paintings and sculptures; on a more popular level, a style of wedgwood china was based on pompeian motifs. Chapter 2 early greece yet even though homer"s genius is beyond doubt, little else about him is clear. Theories about when he had lived ranged from the time of the trojan war, around 1250 bce, to fi ve hundred years later. Egyptian society was dominated by a strong central monarchy, with the pharaoh (the egyptian king) presiding over a large bureaucracy that administered the aff airs of state. Faced by the greatest threat in their history, the greeks had managed to present a united front. Constantine built his new capital, which became the center of the byzantine empire, as a new. In book vi, aeneas journeys to the underworld to hear from the spirit of his father the destiny of.
