FINE 2000 Chapter Notes - Chapter 9: Tax Bracket, Tax Shield, Capital Cost Allowance

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23 Apr 2016

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Chapter 9 using discounted cash flow analysis to make investment decisions. When calculating npv, recognize investment expenditures when they occur, not later when they show up as depreciation. Projects are financially attractive because of the cash they generate, either for distribution to shareholders or for reinvestment in the firm. Therefore, the focus of capital budgeting must be on cash flows, not profits. A projects present value depends on the extra cash flows that it produces. Forecast the firm"s cash flows first if you proceed with the project. Then forecast the cash flows if you don"t accept the project. Take the difference and you have the extra (or incremental) cash flows produced by the project: Incremental cash flow = cash flow with project cash flow without project. The trick in capital budgeting is to trace all the incremental flows from the proposed project.

Related Questions

Given a project's expected cash flows, it is easy to calculate its NPV, IRR, MIRR, payback, and discounted payback. Cash flows are estimated based on information from various sources. There is uncertainty in a project's forecasted cash flows, and some projects are more uncertain and thus riskier than others. In this chapter, we illustrate how project cash flows are estimated, discuss techniques for measuring risk, and discuss how to choose between projects that have significantly different lives, are mutually exclusive, and can be repeated.

The most critical step in capital budgeting analysis is cash flow estimation.

The key is to focus on only

a. relevant

b. net income

c. incremental accounting income or

d. incremental cash flows.

Factors that complicate the analysis are sunk costs, opportunity costs, externalities, changes in net operating working capital, and salvage values. Adjustments to the analysis must be made for

a. inflation

b. interest

c. dividends

We concentrate on expansion project analyses here but there are similarities when analyzing replacement projects.

Give the correct response to each of the following questions.

Which of the following items should be included in the capital budgeting analysis?
a. Sunk costs

b. Interest payments

c. Dividend payments

d. Opportunity costs

An outlay that was incurred in the past and cannot be recovered in the future regardless of whether the project under consideration is accepted is known as
a. Opportunity cost

b. Externality

c. Sunk cost

d. Cannibalization

Which of the following is an example of an opportunity cost?
a. A publisher introduces a new textbook which reduces sales of one of their existing textbooks.
b. A firm has land that can be used in building a new store. If the new store is not built, the firm could sell the land for $2 million (net of taxes).
c. Apple's investment in the iTunes music store boosted sales of its iPod.
d. The cost of a report done 2 years ago to investigate the potential of a new plant and the permits required to build it.
e. Statements a and d are both examples of opportunity costs.
The correct response is -Select-statement astatement bstatement cstatement dstatement eItem 6 .

Which of the following is an example of cannibalization?
a. A publisher introduces a new textbook which reduces sales of one of their existing textbooks.
b. A firm has land that can be used in building a new store. If the new store is not built, the firm could sell the land for $2 million (net of taxes).
c. Apple's investment in the iTunes music store boosted sales of its iPod.
d. The cost of a report done 2 years ago to investigate the potential of a new plant and the permits required to build it.
e. Statements c and d are both examples of cannibalization.
The correct response is -Select-statement astatement bstatement cstatement dstatement eItem 7 .

Case Study

The Investment Detective

The essence of capital budgeting and resource allocation is a search for good investments in which to invest the firmï¿½s capital. The process can be simple when viewed in purely mechanical terms, but a number of subtle issues can obscure the best investment choices. The capital budgeting analyst is necessarily, therefore, a detective who must winnow good evidence from bad. Much of the challenges is knowing what quantitative analysis to generate in the first place.

Supposed you are a new capital budgeting analyst for a company considering investments in the eight projects listed in Exhibit 1. The chief financial officer of your company has asked you to rank the projects and recommend the "four best" that the company should accept

Part I

For the first part of this assignment only quantitative considerations are relevant. No other project characteristics are deciding factors in the selection, except that management has determined that projects 7 and 8 are mutually exclusive.

All projects require the same initial investment, $2,000,000. Moreover, all are believed to be of the same risk class. The weighted average cost of capital for the first part is 10%. To simulate your analysis, consider the following questions:

Can you rank the projects simply by inspecting the cash flows?

What criteria might you use to rank the projects? Which quantitative ranking methods are better? Why?

What is the ranking you found by using quantitative methods? Does this ranking differ from the ranking obtained by simple inspection of the cash flows?

What kinds of real investment projects have cash flows similar to those in the exhibit?

Part II

The company has the following capital structure:

Account	$	Costs before tax
Long-Term Debt	1,500,000	10%
Preferred Stock	500,000	12%
Common Stock	3,000,000	20%

Calculate the weighted average cost of capital (tax is 40%)

Using the same cash flows in exhibit I find the NPV, PI,IRR and MIRR (Use your answer on part one as cost of capital). Which project(s) would you recommend and why?

Part III

Based on the following information and data in part II prepare Performa income statement. Also, calculate the DOL, DFL, and DTL and earning per share.

Q=20,000 units

Price=$120

VC=$80

Fixed cost=$450,000

100,000 outstanding shares

Assume that the management has a target DTL of 6. How much debt needs to be retired (replace by common stocks) in order to achieve that goal? What would be the new WACC?

Exhibit Project cash flows in (00)

	Project1	Project2	Project3	Project4	Project5	Project6	Project7	Project8
Initial Investment	$2,000	$2,000	$2,000	$2,000	$2,000	$2,000	$2,000	$2,000
Year
1	$330	$1,666		$160	$280	$2,200	$1,200	$(350)
2	$330	$334		$200	$280		$900	$(60)
3	$330	$165		$350	$280		$300	$60
4	$330			$395	$280		$90	$350
5	$330			$432	$280		$70	$700
6	$330			$440	$280	$4,000		$1,200
7	$330			$442	$280			$2,250
8	$1,000			$444	$280
9				$446	$280		$2,000
10		$5,000		$448	$280
11				$450	$280
12				$451	$280
13				$451	$280
14				$452	$280
15			$9,000	$(2,000)	$280
Sum of Cash Flow
Benefits	$3,310	$7,165	$9,000	$3,561	$4,200	$6,200	$4,560	$4,150
Excess of cash flow
Over investment	$1,310	$5,165	$7,000	$1,562	$2,200	$4,200	$2,560	$2,150

Yellow/italics indicate year in which payback is accomplished

amethysthyena431

The goal of the firm is to ____ because _____. Answer maximize shareholders' wealth; it considers all risks invest funds in real estate; the return is longer maximize shareholders' profit; it is a short term outlook closely matching management goals Mike is paying $8,000 a year on his mortgage at 6% nominal annual interest. He has 15 more years to make payments. He wants to sell his house today. The lowest [minimum] price he can sell the house without losing any money on the house would be about ___. Answer $120,000 $ 50,000 $77,698 $ 186,208 A firm's net income before tax, EBT [NIBT] (on the income statement) is affected by _____. Answer taxes interest dividends Common Stock as listed on the Balance Sheet could include which of the following? Answer A) retained earnings B) additional paid in capital over par value C) preferred capital Both A) and B) If an asset is sold for ___ than its basis, the tax effect would be ____. Answer A) more; capital gain and depreciation recapture B) less; depreciation recapture C) more; capital loss Both A) and B) The main reason for a firm to have assets is to _______. Answer generate revenue match the liabilities and equity both of the above be able to borrow money and pay its debts none of the above The only risk you would NOT have in loaning money to the United States Government (Uncle Sugar) is _____ risk. Answer liquidity maturity default A(n) ____ shows _____. Answer balance sheet; sources and uses of funds income statement; net income as of a specific date cash flow statement; how well the firm is doing relative to its competition You can compare dollars _____ because ______. Answer computed using equations; any math is always correct at any point in time; time is never a factor if they are at nominal value; that is when decisions are made only at the same point in time; dollars can be invested to earn interest There ___ a tax benefit to the company with paying preferred dividends because _______. Answer is; investors can write them off is not; investors declare them as income is; the company can use the payments as an expense is not; the company cannot use the payments as an expense XYZ issued a 6% coupon, $1,000 par, 30 year to maturity bond. It is now 6 years to maturity. What is the price of the bond if the yield to maturity [market interest rate] is 10%? Answer $1,000 $659.46 $825.79 $705.33 The valuation process can be described as ______. Answer calculating the present value of an expected future cash flow using the investor's required rate of return as the discount rate calculating the future value of an expected future cash flow using the investor's required rate of return as the discount rate amortizing the value of the asset over its holding period The ______ is the minimum required rate of return a firm must earn on its investments. Answer net present value opportunity cost of capital or weighted average cost of capital. internal rate of return gross profit margin The value of an asset is the _____ dollar price someone is willing to pay for it. Answer usual maximum minimum Companies use ____ in capital budgeting project analysis because ________. Answer accounting profit; that is the total net income after tax cash flow; that is what the owners would receive from the project and reinvest accounting profit; that is what the owners would receive from the project and reinvest after tax cash flow; that is the result of prudent accounting When borrowing money, you want to know the ____ interest rate because ____. Answer nominal; it is the easiest to find. effective; it is the true cost of borrowing risk free; that is what the government pays Fed funds; that is what you would pay the bank Cash available to pay out to the investors after the firm pays for new investments or additions to working capital is _____. Answer a statement of cash flows operating after tax cash flow free cash flow net income An organization that raises money from investors and provides financing for individuals and businesses is a ___. Answer factor federal government regulatory unit state government taxing authority financial intermediary Negatives/cons of the Net Present Value (NPV) technique include: Answer least conservative reinvestment assumption multiple rates of return for non-conventional cash flows all of the above none of the above A fixed exchange rate means a country _____. Answer can only use gold coins as money is limited in the amount of paper money it can print can print money as the economy demands Your company is considering an investment with the following expected cash flows: Initial Investment = $407,596 Operating Cash Flows = $73,428 per year Terminal Cash Flow = $11,872. The company's WACC is 11% for similar risk projects. The proposed project would have an expected life of 9 years. Your boss asks you to do the analysis. You would tell your boss this proposed project ___ because ____. Answer is acceptable; NPV is about $3,620 is acceptable; NPV is zero should be rejected; NPV is about -$5,660 [negative $5,660]. should be rejected; NPV is zero All ratios are ___ and a reason to analyze ratios is ____. Answer good; to continue to look productive good and bad; because seemingly good ratios can be masking something bad bad; to try to rework the numbers to have them look good basically irrelevant; there really is no need to analyze financial statements When analyzing financial statements, ratio analysis gives ____ and provides insight into ____. Answer very little useful information; practically nothing good practice in logical thinking; what has occurred and the logic behind it financiers something to do during slow periods; how the financier spends his time accountants a reason to provide financial statements; why accountants do what they do while at work Given: Economic State[i]: Good Average Expected Return[i]: 10% 8% Probability[i]: 30% 70% What is the Standard Deviation? Answer 3% 8.4% 0.92% 5.6% Chapter 9: XYZ has a projected project to install a new press. The expected cash revenue is $175,000 per year. Expected yearly expenses are: Operatinf costs of $50,000; Rental of $17,000; Utilities of $20,500; and Depreciation of $10,000. The tax rate is 35%. What is the expected After-Tax Operating Cash Flow for the first year? Answer $65,500 $60,375 $77,500 $97,500 A stock just paid a dividend of $1.60 per year. The dividend is expected to grow at 3% per year indefinately. Equally risky stocks offer expected rates of return of 8%. What should be the stock price? Answer 53.33 $16.00 $32.96 None of the above. A plot of the CAPM is the _____. Answer wrong thing to do Security Market Line a function showing how to calculate TVM All of the above. Derivatives are used to ___. Answer divide one number by another find old ways to do things hedge risk none of the above With the end of the Gold Standard in the 1970's, what new risk did business face in the international market? Answer Comjpetition Exchange rate Worker compensation Property taxes One of the positive aspects [pros] of a Floating Exchange Rate System is ____. Answer money can be printed as needed to support financial/economic growth no/reduced inflation economic growth is reduced as a result of reduced liquidity [lower money supply] business planning is more difficult A(n) ____ contract obligates the seller to execute the contract and the contract is executed. Answer backwards forward future option What policies did countries institute after the Great War that help lead to the Great Depression? Answer A. Mandatory military service B. Trade restrictions C. High tariffs D. Isolationism Only B., C. and D. All of the above

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FINE 2000 Chapter Notes - Chapter 9: Tax Bracket, Tax Shield, Capital Cost Allowance

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